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Preface
This is the 14th edition of a text that has enjoyed a flattering market success, having been adopted by more than 700 colleges and universities throughout the United States, Canada, and other English-speaking countries. The text has also been translated into Chinese, French, Greek, Indonesian, Italian, Korean, Polish, Portuguese (Brazilian), Serbian, Spanish, Russian, and other languages. All of the features that have made the previous editions of this text one of the leading texts of International Economics in the United States and around the world have been retained in the 14th edition. However, the content has been thoroughly updated and expanded to include many new significant topics and important recent developments
Significant International Developments
The main objective of this 14th edition is to present a comprehensive, up-to-date, and clear exposition of the theory and principles of international economics that are essential for understanding, evaluating, and suggesting solutions to the important international economic problems and issues facing the United States and the rest of the world today and that they are likely to face in the coming years. These are:
Slow growth in most advanced economies after the “Great Recession”—the deepest financial and economic crisis since the Great Depression of 1929— and the COVID-19 pandemic.
Increasing trade protectionism in the United States and in other advanced countries reduces the level of specialization and trade and raises the specter of trade wars that would be very detrimental to the welfare of all nations.
Excessive volatility and large and persistent misalignments of exchange rates discourage the international flow of trade and investments and could lead to international financial and monetary crises.
Deep structural imbalances in the United States, slow growth in Europe
Preface
Significant International Developments
New to the 14th Edition
Acknowledgments
Case Studies
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
1.1 The Globalization of the World Economy
1.2 International Trade and the Nation’s Standard of Living
1.3 The International Flow of Goods, Services, Labor, and Capital
1.4 International Economic Theories and Policies
1.5 Current International Economic Problems and Challenges
1.6 Organization and Methodology of the Text
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Problems
Appendix
PART 1: International Trade Theory
CHAPTER 2: The Law of Comparative Advantage
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Mercantilists’ Views on Trade
2.3 Trade Based on Absolute Advantage: Adam Smith
2.4 Trade Based on Comparative Advantage: David Ricardo
2.5 Comparative Advantage and Opportunity Costs
2.6 The Basis for and the Gains from Trade Under Constant Costs
2.7 Empirical Tests of the Ricardian Model
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Problems
Appendix
CHAPTER 3: The Standard Theory of International Trade
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Production Possibilities Frontier with Increasing Costs
3.3 Community Indifference Curves
3.4 Equilibrium in Isolation
3.5 The Basis for and the Gains from Trade with Increasing Costs
3.6 Trade Based on Differences in Tastes
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Problems
Appendix
CHAPTER 4: Demand and Supply, Offer Curves, and the Terms of Trade
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price with Trade—Partial Equilibrium Analysis
4.3 Offer Curves
6.5 Trade Based on Dynamic Technological Differences
6.6 Costs of Transportation, Environmental Standards, Technology, and International Trade
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Problems
Appendix
CHAPTER 7: Economic Growth and International Trade
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Growth of Factors of Production
7.3 Technical Progress
7.4 Growth and Trade: The Small-Country Case
7.5 Growth and Trade: The Large-Country Case
7.6 Growth, Change in Tastes, and Trade in Both Nations
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Problems
Appendix
PART 2: International Trade Policy
CHAPTER 8: Trade Restrictions: Tariffs
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff
8.3 The Theory of Tariff Structure
8.4 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country
8.5 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Large Count
8.6 The Optimum Tariff
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Problems
Appendix
CHAPTER 9: Nontariff Trade Barriers and the New Protectionism
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Import Quotas
9.3 Other Nontariff Barriers and the New Protectionism
9.4 The Political Economy of Protectionism
9.5 Strategic Trade and Industrial Policies
9.6 History of U.S. Commercial Policy
9.7 The Uruguay Round and the Failed Doha Round
9.8 Outstanding Trade Problems and Some New Developments
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Problems
Appendix
CHAPTER 10: Economic Integration: Customs Unions and Free Trade Areas
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Trade-Creating Customs Union
10.3 Trade-Diverting Customs Unions
10.4 The Theory of the Second Best and Other Static Welfare Effects of Customs Unions
10.5 Dynamic Benefits from Customs Unions
10.6 History of Attempts at Economic Integration
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Problems
Appendix
CHAPTER 11: International Trade and Economic Development
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Importance of Trade to Development
11.3 The Terms of Trade and Economic Development
11.4 Export Instability and Economic Development
11.5 Import Substitution Versus Export Orientation
11.6 Current Problems Facing Developing Countries
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Problems
Appendix
CHAPTER 12: International Resource Movements and Multinational Corporations
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Some Data on International Capital Flows
12.3 Motives for International Capital Flows
12.4 Welfare Effects of International Capital Flows
12.5 Multinational Corporations
12.6 Motives for and Welfare Effects of International Labor Migration
Summary
Key Terms
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Problems
Appendix
CHAPTER 15: Exchange Rate Determination
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Purchasing-Power Parity Theory
15.3 Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments and Exchange Rates
15.4 Portfolio Balance Model and Exchange Rates
15.5 Exchange Rate Dynamics
15.6 Empirical Tests of the Monetary and Portfolio Balance Models and Exchange Rate Forecasting*
15.7 Recent Theoretical and Empirical Developments
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Problems
Appendix
Notes
PART 4: Open-Economy Macroeconomics and the International Monetary System
CHAPTER 16: The Price Adjustment Mechanism with Flexible and Fixed Exchange Rates
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Adjustment with Flexible Exchange Rates
16.3 Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Trade
16.4 Stability of Foreign Exchange Markets
16.5 Elasticities in the Real World
16.6 Adjustment Under the Gold Standard
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Problems
Appendix
CHAPTER 17: The Income Adjustment Mechanism and Synthesis of Automatic Adjustments
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Income Determination in a Closed Economy
17.3 Income Determination in a Small Open Economy
17.4 Foreign Repercussions
17.5 Absorption Approach
17.6 Monetary Adjustments and Synthesis of the Automatic Adjustments
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Problems
Appendix
CHAPTER 18: Open-Economy Macroeconomics: Adjustment Policies
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Internal and External Balance with Expenditure-Changing and Expenditure-Switching Policies
18.3 Equilibrium in the Goods Market, in the Money Market, and in the Balance of Payments
.4 Fiscal and Monetary Policies for Internal and External Balance with Fixed Exchange Rates
18.5 The IS–LM–BPModel with Flexible Exchange Rates
18.6 Policy Mix and Price Changes
18.7 Direct Controls
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Problems
Appendix
CHAPTER 19: Prices and Output in an Open Economy: Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Aggregate Demand, Aggregate Supply, and Equilibrium in a Closed Economy
19.3 Aggregate Demand in an Open Economy Under Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates
19.4 Effect of Economic Shocks and Macroeconomic Policies on Aggregate Demand in Open Economies with Flexible Prices
19.5 Effect of Fiscal and Monetary Policies in Open Economies with Flexible Prices
19.6 Macroeconomic Policies to Stimulate Growth and Adjust to Supply Shocks
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Problems
CHAPTER 20: Flexible Versus Fixed Exchange Rates, the European Monetary System, and Macroeconomic Policy Coordination
20.1 Introduction
20.2 The Case for Flexible Exchange Rates
20.3 The Case for Fixed Exchange Rates
20.4 Optimum Currency Areas, the European Monetary System, and the European Monetary Union
20.5 Currency Board Arrangements and Dollarization
20.6 Exchange Rate Bands, Adjustable Pegs, Crawling Pegs, and Managed Floating
20.7 International Macroeconomic Policy Coordination
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Problems
Appendix
CHAPTER 21: The International Monetary System: Past, Present, and Future
21.1 Introduction
21.2 The Gold Standard and the Interwar Experience
21.3 The Bretton Woods System
21.4 Operation and Evolution of the Bretton Woods System
21.5 U.S.  Balance-of-Payments Deficits and Collapse of the Bretton Woods System
21.6 The International Monetary System: Present and Future
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Problems
Appendix
Glossary of Key Terms
he Unite...
TABLE 2.5. Production Possibilities in the United States and the United Kingdo...
TABLE 2.6. Commodity Prices in the United States and United Kingdom
TABLE 2.7. Ranking of Nations in Terms of Internal PW/PC
Chapter 3
TABLE 3.1. The Comparative Advantage of the United States, European Union, Jap...
TABLE 3.2. Leading Export as a Percentage of Total Exports of Selected Countri...
TABLE 3.3. Job Losses in High Import-Competing Industries
TABLE 3.4. Factors Responsible for Deindustrialization
TABLE 3.5. Percentage Change in Manufacturing Employment in Advanced Nations, ...
Chapter 4
TABLE 4.1. Nominal and Real Petroleum Prices, Selected Years, 1970–2017...
TABLE 4.2. The Terms of Trade of Advanced Countries, Selected Years, 1970–2020...
TABLE 4.3. Terms of Trade of Advanced and Developing Countries Selected Years,...
Chapter 5
TABLE 5.1. Factor Endowments of Various Countries as a Percentage of the World...
TABLE 5.2. Capital Stock per Worker of Selected Countries in 2019 (at current ...
TABLE 5.3. Factor Intensity of Major Product Categories
TABLE 5.4. Sources of Wage Inequalities in the United States
Labor Requirements per Million Dollars of U.S. Exports ...
Chapter 6
TABLE 6.1. U.S. Job Loss Rates by Industry (Percent)
TABLE 6.2. U.S. Imports and Exports of Automotive Products (billions of dollar...
TABLE 6.3. Intra-industry Trade as a Percentage of Total Trade in Selected Cou...
TABLE 6.4. Intra-industry Trade Indexes as a Percentage at the 3- and 5-Digit ...
TABLE 6.5. Value of Exports and Imports, and the Intra-industry Trade Index fo...
TABLE 6.6. International Competitiveness Rankings in 2024
TABLE 6.7. Environmental Performance Index (EPI) Ranking in 2024
Chapter 7
TABLE 7.1. Changes in Capital-Labor Ratios of Selected Countries, 1990–2015 (i...
TABLE 7.2. Growth in Output per Worker from Capital Deepening, Technological C...
TABLE 7.3. Relative Economic Size of the New and Traditional Economic Giants i...
TABLE 7.4. Growth of GDP and Exports, and the Terms of Trade, 1990–2023...
Chapter 8
TABLE 8.1. Tariffs on Nonagricultural Products in the United States, E