英文文献：Macroeconomic Policies to Increase Social Mobility and Growth in Bolivia-提高玻利维亚社会流动性和增长的宏观经济政策
英文文献作者：Lykke E. Andersen,Alice Brooks,Alejandro F. Mercado
英文文献摘要：
Poverty in Bolivia continues to be among the highest in Latin America despite decades of concerted national and international efforts to reduce it. Bolivia has meticulously followed the recommendations of the Washington consensus at the same time as external aid has been generous and foreign direct investment has boomed. Nevertheless, average productivity and incomes remain at the same low level as they were 50 years ago. This paper suggests that the failure of previous development policies is due to a lack of social mobility in the country. Without social mobility, there is little incentive for people to invest in human and physical capital, and without investment there cannot be productivity growth. In addition, the lack of social mobility implies an inefficient use of human capital, and it hinders the construction of efficient social mechanisms for redistribution and consumption smoothing over the life-cycle.

尽管几十年来国家和国际为减少贫困作出了协调一致的努力，玻利维亚的贫困仍然是拉丁美洲最贫穷的国家之一。在外援慷慨和外国直接投资蓬勃发展的同时，玻利维亚认真地遵循了《华盛顿共识》的建议。然而，平均生产率和收入仍与50年前一样处于同样的低水平。本文认为，以往发展政策的失败是由于社会流动性的缺乏。没有社会流动性，人们就没有动力投资于人力和有形资本，没有投资，就不可能有生产率增长。此外，缺乏社会流动性意味着没有效率地利用人力资本，它妨碍建立有效的社会机制，以便在整个生命周期内实现再分配和消费平滑。