英文文献：Land Trade And Large Land Acquisitions Phenomenon: Ghana’S Experience Since Colonial Era-土地贸易和大规模土地收购现象:加纳自殖民时代以来的经验
英文文献作者：Joseph Kwaku Kidido,Jonathan Zinzi Ayitey
英文文献摘要：
The challenges of the twenty-first century are enormous. Ensuring adequate food supply, energy, secure livelihoods, water among a host of essential needs of mankind have remained a daunting challenge of many governments across the world. Land is emerging as the point of attraction to solving the many problems emanating from the increasing population. The scramble for land by both the poor and the rich at the household, local community and national levels has in recent times become a topical issue in both local and international political discourses. Ghana has not been insulated from this new paradigm of land investments and thus far had had its fair share. It is ranked fourth among the top ten countries in the world targeted for mixed deals (agrofuels and other purposes) with 421, 808 ha of agricultural land already under acquisition contract. This paper assesses the development of land trade in Ghana from the period of colonial rule to the current democratic dispensation. Using a desktop approach in gathering relevant data, the study found that large acquisitions are not a new phenomenon in Ghana. Large acquisitions occurred in Ghana during the colonial era caused by the abolition of slave trade and industrial revolution, colonial land policies and influence on traditional headship system and economic policy orientations. The current phenomenon is a reawakening of the already existed practice under a different political and economic environment. The customary land owners have been the key suppliers of land in this land trade during both the colonial era and the period after the independence. There is a greater recognition of customary claims to land by the state through constitutional and policy enactments. This recognition however falls short of regulating the customary authorities in their land dispositions especially rural land which are of much interest to the investors. It is recommended that, efforts should be made by government to provide enough structures at the local level to supervise and control land trade by the customary authorities to curb abuse and mismanagement.

21世纪的挑战是巨大的。在人类的一系列基本需求中，确保充足的粮食供应、能源、安全的生计和水，仍然是世界各地许多政府面临的一项艰巨挑战。土地正在成为解决人口增长所引发的许多问题的吸引力点。穷人和富人在家庭、地方社区和国家各级争夺土地，最近已成为地方和国际政治讨论中的一个热门问题。加纳并没有与这种土地投资的新模式绝缘，到目前为止，它已经有了公平的份额。在全球十大混合交易(农业燃料和其他目的)目标国家中，它排名第四，已经有421,808公顷的农业土地在收购合同中。本文评估了加纳从殖民统治时期到目前民主制度下土地贸易的发展历程。该研究使用桌面方法收集相关数据，发现大规模收购在加纳并不是新现象。由于废除奴隶贸易和工业革命、殖民土地政策以及对传统领导制度和经济政策取向的影响，在殖民时期的加纳发生了大规模的收购。当前的现象是在不同的政治经济环境下对已有实践的重新觉醒。在殖民时期和独立后的时期，习惯上的土地所有者一直是土地贸易的主要供应商。通过宪法和政策的制定，国家对土地的习惯主张得到了更多的承认。然而，这种承认并没有对习惯当局的土地处置进行管理，特别是投资者非常感兴趣的农村土地。建议政府应努力在地方一级提供足够的结构，以监督和控制习惯当局的土地贸易，以制止滥用和管理不善。