世界能源署对中国天然气市场深度分析报告PDF372页

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收藏 2008-07-09

世界能源署对中国天然气市场的分析报告，稍微有点老很专业。DEVELOPING CHINA’S NATURAL GAS MARKET目录如下Foreword ........................................................................................................ 3 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................... 5 Maps .............................................................................................................. 7 Executive Summary ....................................................................................... 15 Key Messages....................................................................................... 17 Main Conclusions and Policy Recommendations .................................... 19 ■ Introduction ...................................................................................................... 19 ■ About this Study................................................................................................ 20 ■ Key Conclusions of the Study ............................................................................ 21 ■ Key Recommendations ...................................................................................... 29 ■ Energy Policy Challenges ................................................................................... 41 1. Economic, Energy and Environmental Context ....................................... 43 ■ The Economic Context ..................................................................................... 43 ■ The Energy Situation ........................................................................................ 48 ■ The Environmental Context ............................................................................. 58 ■ Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 61 2. China’s Natural Gas Market: Today and Tomorrow ............................... 63 ■ China’s Natural Gas Market Today .................................................................... 63 ■ Natural Gas Demand Outlook .......................................................................... 67 ■ Natural Gas Supply Outlook ............................................................................ 74 ■ Gas Industry Structure and Legal Framework ................................................... 79 ■ Key Challenges in Developing China’s Natural Gas Market .............................. 84 ■ Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 89 3. Defining a Strategic and Policy Framework: Lessons from Developed Gas Markets ................................................... 91 ■ Generic Characteristics of Gas Industry and Market ......................................... 91 ■ Characteristics of the Chinese Gas Market ........................................................ 95 ■ Lessons and Experiences from Developed Gas Markets ..................................... 98 ■ Major Implications for China’s Gas Strategy and Policy Framework ................ 113 ■ Recommendations .......................................................................................... 121 4. Gas for Power Generation ................................................................. 123 ■ Trends and Prospects in Power Generation in China ....................................... 123 ■ Potential for Gas-Fired Power Generation ....................................................... 126■ Critical Issues For Developing Gas-Fired Power Generation ............................ 134 ■ Policies and Measures for Increasing Gas Use in Power Generation ................. 145 ■ Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................... 152 5. Issues of Local Gas Distribution............................................................ 155 ■ The Current Status of Gas Distribution in China ........................................... 155 ■ Key Problems Today ....................................................................................... 157 ■ Organising the Conversion to Natural Gas ..................................................... 162 ■ Ensuring the Security of Supply ...................................................................... 165 ■ Getting the Economics Right: Gas Distribution Cost and Pricing ................... 168 ■ Policies and Measures to Develop Downstream Gas Markets .......................... 172 ■ Recommendations .......................................................................................... 176 6. Natural Gas Pricing and Taxation ....................................................... 177 ■ Current Gas Allocation and Pricing System in China ...................................... 178 ■ Problems with Current Pricing System ............................................................ 184 ■ The Transition to Market-Based Gas Pricing ................................................... 188 ■ Gas Pricing Regulation ................................................................................... 194 ■ Taxation of Natural Gas .................................................................................. 197 ■ Fiscal and Price Reform to Promote Gas Market Development ....................... 202 ■ Recommendations .......................................................................................... 206 7. Issues Surrounding Long-Distance Gas Pipelines .................................. 207 ■ Long-distance Gas Pipelines in or involving China ......................................... 207 ■ Stages in Building a Gas Pipeline .................................................................... 208 ■ General Conditions for Long-distance Gas Pipelines ....................................... 210 ■ The West-East Gas Pipeline ............................................................................ 215 ■ Issues on Pipeline Gas Imports and Transit ..................................................... 225 ■ North-East Asia Gas Pipeline Network: Prospects and Key Challenges ........... 238 ■ Recommendations .......................................................................................... 239 8. Gas Market Development Through LNG Imports ................................. 241 ■ Distinct Characteristics of LNG Projects ........................................................ 241 ■ Current Status of Plans to Import LNG .......................................................... 243 ■ Regional LNG Markets Trends and Prospects ................................................. 249 ■ Key Issues for Developing LNG Import Projects in China .............................. 254 ■ Recommendations .......................................................................................... 258 9. Financing Gas Infrastructure Projects .................................................. 259 ■ Investment Needs ........................................................................................... 259 ■ Major Financing Sources ................................................................................. 260■ Commerciality and Risk Management ............................................................ 267 ■ Specifics of Financing Gas Infrastructures ....................................................... 270 ■ Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................ 276 10. Policies and Regulations on Foreign Investment in China’s Natural Gas Sector.............................................................. 279 ■ Laws and Regulations on Foreign Investment in China ................................... 279 ■ Foreign Investment in China’s Gas Sector ....................................................... 286 ■ Special Policies for Foreign Investment in West-East Pipeline Project .............. 288 ■ Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................... 289 11. Policy-making, Structure and Regulation ............................................. 293 ■ Current Allocation of Policy-making and Regulatory Responsibilities ............. 293 ■ Clarifying the Legal Framework ...................................................................... 296 ■ Organisational and Institutional Arrangements................................................ 298 ■ Gas Industry Structural Reform ...................................................................... 303 ■ Regulation of Gas Transmission and Distribution ........................................... 307 ■ Recommendations .......................................................................................... 316 Annexes ..................................................................................................... 317 A1. China’s Environmental Laws and Regulations Related to Air Pollution .. 319 ■ Environmental Laws ....................................................................................... 319 ■ Regulations Related to Air Pollution ............................................................... 320 A2. Summary of Laws and Regulations Governing Oil and Gas Activities in China ............................................................................................. 325 ■ The Mineral Resources Law ............................................................................ 325 ■ Rules on Implementation of the Mineral Resources Law ................................. 326 ■ Regulations on Transfer of Exploration and Mining Rights ............................. 328 ■ Regulations on Registration over Mineral Resources Exploration .................... 329 ■ Regulations on Registration over Mineral Resources Exploitation ................... 330 ■ Regulations on the Exploitation of Offshore Petroleum Resources in Co-operation with Foreign Enterprises ....................................................... 332 ■ Regulations on the Exploitation of Land Petroleum Resources in Co-operation with Foreign Enterprises ....................................................... 333 A3. Competitiveness of Natural Gas in Shanghai ...................................... 335 ■ Shanghai’s Energy Situation ............................................................................ 336 ■ Natural Gas Development in Shanghai ........................................................... 337 ■ Natural Gas Price in Shanghai ........................................................................ 339 ■ The Competitiveness of Natural Gas in Shanghai ........................................... 340■ The Price and Non-price Factors that Hinder the Wider Use of Natural Gas in Shanghai ..................................................................................................... 345 ■ Policies and Measures for the Development of a Natural Gas Market in Shanghai ..................................................................................................... 346 ■ Environmental Protection Measures in Shanghai ............................................ 347 ■ Conclusions .................................................................................................... 349 Abbreviations ............................................................................................. 351 Glossary of Terms ....................................................................................... 355 List of Tables, Figures, Boxes and Maps ...................................................... 359 Bibliography ............................................................................................... 365