英文文献：Quality of Growth Empirics: Comparative Gaps, Benchmarking and Policy Syndromes-增长质量经验:比较差距、基准和政策综合症
英文文献作者：Simplice Asongu,Jacinta C. Nwachukwu
英文文献摘要：
This study uses a new dataset to provide comparative gaps, benchmarking with best performers and policy syndromes of growth quality in 93 developing countries with data for the period 1990-2011. Sigma and Beta estimation strategies are used to provide between and within cross-country dispersions. The empirical evidence is based on: time, regions, income levels, resource-wealth, state fragility and time-consistent growth quality (GQ) performance. First, for ‘within dispersions’ the following outcomes are established: (1) GQ dispersions within fundamental characteristics have been decreasing over time, (2) From a time-dynamic view, countries within Asia and the Pacific have experienced the highest reduction in GQ differences while nations in the Middle East and North Africa (Central and Eastern European) region have witnessed the highest (lowest) differences, (3) From an income perspective, upper-middle-income (Low-income) countries have the lowest (highest) differences in GQ. (4) Resource-rich and Non-fragile countries have higher differences relative to their Resource-poor and Fragile counterparts respectively. Second, for ‘between dispersions’ and policy syndromes, we found two time-consistent extremities. (1) In decreasing need of policy intervention, the following are apparent for the Policy syndrome extreme: Hopeful, Fragile, Sub-Saharan African, Low-income and Resource-rich countries. (2) In the same line of policy inference, the following are apparent for the Syndrome-free extreme: Central and Eastern European, Asia and the Pacific, Latin American, Best Performing and Upper-middle-income countries. Their predispositions are clarified and policy implications discussed.

本研究使用一个新的数据集，利用1990-2011年期间的数据，提供93个发展中国家增长质量方面的比较差距、基准和政策综合征。西格玛和贝塔估计策略用于提供国家之间和国家内部的分散。实证依据:时间、地区、收入水平、资源财富、国家脆弱性和时间一致性增长质量(GQ)绩效。首先，对于“分散内”，建立了以下结果:(1)《GQ》分散在基本特征已经下降随着时间的推移,(2)从动态来看,国家在亚洲和太平洋地区经历了最高的GQ的差异,减少国家在中东和北非地区(中欧和东欧)见证了最高(最低)的差异,(3)从收入的角度来看,中高收入(低收入)国家最低(最高)《GQ》的差异。(4)资源丰富国家和非脆弱国家的差异分别高于资源贫乏国家和脆弱国家。其次，对于“分散之间”和政策综合症，我们发现了两个时间一致的极端情况。(1)在政策干预需求减少的情况下，极端的政策综合症明显表现为:充满希望的、脆弱的、撒哈拉以南非洲、低收入和资源丰富的国家。(2)在同样的政策推论中，对于无综合症极端而言，以下情况是明显的:中欧和东欧、亚洲和太平洋地区、拉丁美洲、表现最好的和中高收入国家。阐明了他们的倾向，讨论了政策含义。