英文文献：Global Tourism and Waves of Terror: Perspectives from Military Expenditure-全球旅游和恐怖浪潮:从军费开支看
英文文献作者：Simplice A. Asongu,Paul N. Acha-Anyi
英文文献摘要：
This study complements existing literature by investigating how military expenditure can modulate the effect of terrorism externalities on tourism. The geographical and temporal scopes are 163 countries and the period 2010-2015. The empirical evidence is based on negative binomial regressions. Terrorism externalities are measured in terms of terror-related incidents, injuries, fatalities and damaged properties. We find that military expenditure significantly lessens the destructive impact of these terror-related incidents in order to induce positive net effects on tourism. This finding is robust to all measurements of terrorism. Homicides and violent demonstrations reduce tourists’ arrivals whereas the rate of incarceration of convicted offenders has the opposite effect. The analysis is extended to income levels and regions in order to provide more opportunities for policy implications. Justifications for differences in these comparative tendencies are discussed.

本研究通过调查军事支出如何调节恐怖主义外部性对旅游业的影响来补充现有的文献。地理和时间范围为163个国家和2010-2015年。经验证据是基于负二项回归。恐怖主义外部性是根据与恐怖主义有关的事件、伤亡和损坏的财产来衡量的。我们发现，为了对旅游业产生积极的净影响，军费开支大大减少了这些恐怖事件的破坏性影响。这一发现对恐怖主义的所有衡量都是可靠的。杀人和暴力示威减少了游客的到来，而监禁罪犯的比率则产生了相反的效果。该分析延伸到收入水平和地区，以便为政策影响提供更多机会。讨论了这些比较倾向差异的理由。