英文文献：Welfare Impacts of Alternative Public Policies for Environmental Protection in Agriculture in an Open Economy: A General Equilibrium Framework-开放经济下农业环境保护的替代公共政策的福利影响:一个一般均衡框架
英文文献作者：Taheripour, Farzad,Khanna, Madhu,Nelson, Charles
英文文献摘要：
This paper uses stylized analytical and numerical general equilibrium models to evaluate the welfare impacts of alternative policies for reducing nitrogen run-off from agricultural production in an open economy while recognizing the presence of distortionary agricultural support subsidies and factor income taxes. The alternative policies examined here are a nitrogen run-off tax, a nitrogen run-off reduction subsidy, a tax on the production of agricultural goods, a "two-part" instrument - a combination of the second and the third policies, and land retirement. The paper uses an analytical model to express the welfare impacts of each policy into several components and compares these components across alternative policies. From the analytical model the paper concludes that all alternative policies, except land retirement, may generate a double dividend because they reduce the provision of distortionary agricultural support subsidies and because a part of the burden of these policies can be passed on to foreign consumers of agricultural products through the world market. The numerical results indicate that all policies, except for land retirement, generate some welfare gains at low levels of nitrogen reduction targets in the first and second best settings when nitrogen and other inputs are substitutable. Gains are higher in the second best setting. As the level of nitrogen reduction increases, all policies become costly and they impose net welfare costs. These costs are higher in the second best setting. The numerical results also indicate that the relative efficiency of alternative policies is sensitive to the level of nitrogen reduction target.

本文使用程式化的分析和数值一般均衡模型来评估开放经济中减少农业生产中氮流失的替代政策对福利的影响，同时认识到扭曲的农业支持补贴和要素所得税的存在。这里研究的替代政策包括氮肥流失税、减少氮肥流失补贴、对农产品生产征税、一种“两部分”手段——结合第二和第三项政策，以及土地退役。本文使用一个分析模型将每项政策对福利的影响表达为若干个组成部分，并在不同的替代政策之间对这些组成部分进行比较。从分析模型得出结论:所有的替代政策,除了土地退休,可能产生双重红利,因为他们减少扭曲的规定农业支持补贴,因为这些政策可以负担的一部分传递给外国消费者通过世界农产品市场。数值结果表明，在氮素和其他投入可替代的第一和第二最佳环境中，除土地退休外，所有政策在氮素减少目标水平较低的情况下都产生了一定的福利收益。在次优环境下，收益更高。随着氮素减少水平的提高，所有政策都变得昂贵，并造成净福利成本。在次优环境下，这些成本会更高。数值结果还表明，替代政策的相对效率与氮素减排目标水平密切相关。