英文文献：Do Voluntary Pollution Reduction Programs (VPRs) Spur Innovation in Environmental Technology-开展自愿减少污染项目(VPRs)，促进环境技术创新
英文文献作者：Carrion-Flores, Carmen E.,Innes, Robert,Sam, Abdoul G.
英文文献摘要：
In the context of the EPA's 33/50 program, we study whether a VPR can prompt firms to develop new environmental technologies that yield future emission reduction benefits. Because pollutant reductions generally require costly reformulations of products and/or production processes, environmental over-compliance induced by a VPR may potentially spur environmental innovation that can reduce these costs. Conversely, a VPR may induce a participating firm to divert resources from environmental research to environmental monitoring and compliance activities that yield short-term benefits in reduced emissions. We find evidence that higher rates of 33/50 program participation are associated with significant reductions in the number of successful environmental patent applications four to six years after the program ended; these results suggest a negative relationship between the 33/50 program and longer-run environmental innovation.

在环保署的33/50计划的背景下，我们研究了VPR是否能促使企业开发新的环境技术，从而产生未来的减排效益。由于污染物的减少一般需要昂贵的产品和(或)生产过程的重新配方，由VPR引起的环境过度遵守可能会刺激环境革新，从而减少这些费用。相反，VPR可能促使参与的公司将资源从环境研究转移到环境监测和遵守活动，从而在减少排放方面产生短期效益。我们发现，项目结束四到六年后，33/50项目参与率的提高与环境专利成功申请数量的显著减少有关;这些结果表明，33/50计划与长期环境创新之间存在负相关关系。