英文文献：Breathtaking or Stagnating? - Productivity, Technical Change and Structural Dynamics in Danish Organic Farming-惊人的还是停滞不前?-丹麦有机农业的生产力、技术变化和结构动态
英文文献作者：Sauer, Johannes,Graversen, Jesper T.,Park, Timothy A.
英文文献摘要：
This paper attempts to quantitatively measure the change in the productivity of Danish organic farming in recent years by using panel data on 56 organic farms mainly engaged in milk production for the period 2002 to 2004. Based on a translog production frontier framework the technical and scale efficiency on farm level is analyzed by considering also curvature consistency. The total change in productivity for the reference period is measured by using the Malmquist total factor productivity index approach based on a time trends as well as a general index model specification. Input specific bias in technical change as well as a general index model specification. Input specific bias in technical change as well elasticities of input substitution are analyzed. Factors for the development of technical change and the change in efficiency over time are investigated by applying a bootstrapped ITSUR techniques. Finally we try to conclude on the significance of subsidies for promoting long term growth in organic production by estimating a bootstrapped bivariate probit model with respect to factors influencing the probability of organic market exit. The results revealed significant difference in the organic farms' technical efficiency, no significant total factor productivity growth and even a slightly negative rate of technical change in the period investigated. We found evidence for a positive relationship between subsidy payments and an increase in farm efficiency, technology improvements and a decreasing probability of organic market exit which was also confirmed for off farm income. Finally the general index mode specification was found to deliver a more accurate mapping of total factor productivity growth.

摘要本文利用丹麦56家有机农场2002 - 2004年的面板数据，对丹麦有机农场近年来的生产力变化进行了定量测度。在超对数生产前沿框架的基础上，考虑了曲率一致性，分析了农场层面的技术效率和规模效率。参考时期生产力的总变化是通过使用基于时间趋势和一般指数模型规范的Malmquist全要素生产率指数方法来衡量的。在技术变革中输入特定的偏差以及一般的指数模型规范。分析了技术变革中的投入特定偏差以及投入替代弹性。通过应用bootstrap ITSUR技术，研究了技术变化和效率随时间变化的因素。最后，通过对影响有机产品市场退出概率因素的双变量probit模型的估计，我们试图得出补贴对促进有机产品长期增长的意义。结果显示，有机农场的技术效率在调查期间存在显著差异，全要素生产率没有显著增长，甚至技术变化率略有负增长。我们发现，补贴支付与农业效率的提高、技术的改进和有机产品市场退出概率的降低之间存在正相关关系，这也证实了非农收入的增加。最后，通过建立通用的指标模式规范，可以更准确地反映全要素生产率的增长。