英文文献：Environmental Regulations and Livestock Production Levels: What is the Direction of Causality?-环境法规与牲畜生产水平:因果关系的方向是什么?环境监管标准是由分散的权力战略性地制定的，因此企业对监管标准的空间差异作出反应，这一断言的基础是突出的因果关系
英文文献作者：Herath, Deepananda P.B.,Weersink, Alfons,Thrikawala, Sunil
英文文献摘要：
Fundamental to the assertion that environmental regulatory standards are strategically set by decentralized authorities and consequently firms respond to spatial differences in regulatory standards is the underline causal relationship. Establishing the cause-effect association between regulatory standard setting and industry response is essential to justify the existence of the pollution haven and the potential for a race to the bottom. In this paper using 25 years data of the livestock production intensities for hog, dairy and fed cattle sectors and environmental regulatory stringency measure from 1975 to 2000 for 48 contiguous states we explore whether the direction of causality as suggested by race to the bottom hypothesis is in fact supported by the empirical evidence and hence the potential for existence of pollution haven is real in the U.S. livestock production sector. The results in general support the existence of pollution havens and potential for a race to the bottom at the regional level. There were no convincing evidences supporting the reserve causality that the "industry driving policy" hypothesis. Across the different livestock types, dairy sector provided conclusive evidence that in the regions with substantial growth of dairy inventories, there are strong evidences for a race to the bottom.

在监管标准的制定和行业反应之间建立因果关系，对于证明污染天堂的存在和竞争到底的可能性是必要的。本文使用25年数据畜牧生产强度的猪,奶制品和美联储牛行业和环境监管紧缩措施为48个州从1975年到2000年我们探索因果关系所显示的方向是否竞相假说实际上是支持的经验证据,因此潜在的污染避难所的存在是真实的在美国畜牧业生产部门。结果普遍支持存在污染庇护所，并有可能在区域一级达到最低标准。没有令人信服的证据支持“产业驱动政策”假说的储备因果关系。在不同的牲畜类型中，乳制品部门提供了确凿的证据，表明在乳制品库存大幅增长的地区，有充分的证据表明存在一种“竞底”现象。