英文文献：An Empirical Analysis of Recent Changes in US Beef Marketing Margins-对近期美国牛肉市场利润率变化的实证分析
英文文献作者：Armah, Stephen E.
英文文献摘要：
An Augmented Relative Price Spread (ARPS) model is employed to explain recent changes in real US beef wholesale-retail (WR) and hence farm-retail (FR) marketing margins. It is found that the surge in retail market concentration in 1999 most likely increased retail market oligopsony power relative to wholesale oligopoly power, ultimately changing real US WR beef marketing margins. The finding that higher oligopsony retail market power relative to oligopoly wholesale market power in the US beef industry was most likely responsible for the changes in US WR marketing margins in 1999 is important because it provides an economic justification for policy makers to regulate anticompetitive conduct by beef retailers.

一个扩大的相对价格差价(ARPS)模型被用来解释美国牛肉批发零售(WR)和农场零售(FR)市场利润率的最近变化。研究发现，1999年零售市场集中度的激增极有可能增加了零售市场相对于批发市场的寡头垄断能力，最终改变了美国WR牛肉的实际营销利润率。发现更高的商品采购垄断零售市场力量相对于寡头垄断批发市场力量在美国牛肉行业最有可能负责1999年美国WR营销利润的变化是很重要的,因为它提供了一个经济政策制定者的理由调节牛肉零售商的反竞争行为。