英文文献：Using Bid Design to Measure the Boundaries of WTP-使用投标设计来测量WTP的边界
英文文献作者：Rollins, Kimberly S.,Rodriguez, Lucrecia,Price, Michael
英文文献摘要：
We examine the extent to which bid design provides an informative anchor that influences the context in which individuals evaluate willingness to pay questions. We postulate that agents who are uncertain over possible states of nature that may arise when consuming a good use bid design as a means to resolve such uncertainty. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the impact of bid design on estimated WTP is less pronounced for experienced agents that have observed more draws from nature. We use three measure of bid design to evaluate our conjectures; (i) the mean of bid amounts, (ii) the absolute value of the difference between bid amounts, and (iii) the ratio of the mean to the spread. We interact proxies for individual experience with our measure of bid design to evaluate if such characteristics attenuate the impact of bid design on WTP estimates. We find the likelihood an individual says "Yes" to a given bid systematically varies with measures of bid design. This suggests that bid design provides an informative anchor and can be used to identify probabilistic boundaries for WTP.

我们研究了投标设计在多大程度上提供了影响个人评估支付意愿的信息锚。我们假设，当使用一个好的使用投标设计作为解决这种不确定性的手段时，对可能出现的自然状态不确定的代理。此外，我们假设，对于观察到更多自然风光的有经验的代理商来说，投标设计对估计的期望增加值的影响不那么显著。我们使用三种措施的投标设计来评估我们的猜想;(i)投标金额的平均值;(ii)投标金额之差的绝对值;(iii)平均值与价差之比。我们将个人经验与我们的投标设计衡量指标相互作用，以评估这些特征是否减弱了投标设计对期望收益估算的影响。我们发现一个人对一个给定的投标说“是”的可能性系统地随着投标设计的措施而变化。这表明投标设计提供了一个信息锚，并可用于确定WTP的概率边界。