英文文献：Marketed Outputs and Non-Marketed Outputs: The Marginal Costs of Producing Ecosystem Services-销售产出和非销售产出:生产生态系统服务的边际成本
英文文献作者：Wossink, Ada,Sauer, Johannes
英文文献摘要：
We provide a new approach for assessing the cost of marginal ecosystem changes and the effectiveness of green payment schemes. The approach is based on a theoretical and empirical analysis of the bio-economic production interactions between marketed outputs and non-marketed ecosystem services at the micro level. To frame the economic nature of the problem, we employ a generalized joint production model in combination with cost minimization. The generalized joint production framework allows for the consideration of complementary, supplementary and competitive relationships between agricultural production and non-marketed ecosystem services generation and avoids double counting. From this theoretical model we distinguish three theoretical cases depending on the imposed minimum acceptable level of the non-marketed ecosystem services. We employ farm level panel data for the UK to empirically investigate these cases. More specifically, to represent and evaluate the production structure, we estimate first- and second-order elasticities derived from a flexible transformation function. Results show that the majority of farms produce agricultural output and ecosystem services in a complementary relationship. Generation of multiple ecosystem services on the same farm showed either a supplementary or competitive relationship. Changing the composition of the ecosystem services output would have very different implications for individual farms.

我们提供了一种新的方法来评估边际生态系统变化的成本和绿色支付方案的有效性。该方法基于微观层面上市场化产出和非市场化生态系统服务之间的生物经济生产相互作用的理论和实证分析。为了说明问题的经济性质，我们采用了一个结合成本最小化的广义联合生产模型。广义联合生产框架考虑到农业生产和非市场生态系统服务之间的互补、补充和竞争关系，并避免重复计算。根据这一理论模型，我们区分了三种理论案例，这三种案例依赖于强加的非市场生态系统服务的最低可接受水平。我们采用英国农场水平的面板数据对这些案例进行实证调查。更具体地说，为了表示和评估生产结构，我们估计一阶和二阶弹性来自一个灵活的转换函数。结果表明，绝大多数农场的农业产出与生态系统服务呈互补关系。同一农场的多种生态系统服务的产生呈现出互补或竞争的关系。改变生态系统服务输出的组成对单个农场的影响将大不相同。