Executive Summary 1
Introduction and Scope 4
1 Domestic Governance 7
1.1 Overarching national guidance 7
1.2 Legislation and regulation 11
1.3 Standards 14
1.4 Government-backed AI safety and governance institutions 21
2 International Governance 22
2.1 Overarching features of China’s international AI governance 22
2.2 Chinese actions at the United Nations 24
2.3 Bilateral engagements 25
2.4 Multilateral engagements 27
2.5 Track 1.5 and 2 dialogues 29
3 Technical Safety Research 36
3.1 Methodology 36
3.2 Overall trends 37
3.3 Relevant research groups 38
3.4 Notable research contributions 41
4 Expert Views on AI Safety and Governance 44
4.1 Discourse trends at top AI conferences 45
4.2 Discourse trends for key AI safety topics 49
5 Industry Governance 53
5.1 Collective industry action 54
5.2 Individual company action 55
5.3 Safety as a service 62
iiTable of Contents State of AI Safety in China (2025)
Conclusion 65
Acronyms 67
Notes 7