(1) 它们在疑问句中的使用:
注意:“**what**”不是关系代词,不能用在定语从句中!
结构口诀:
完整结构:
3.常用句型表达
(1) A 比 B …
(2) A 未达到 B 的程度…
(3) 最……
(4) 最……之一
(5) 日益变得…
(6) 超出
一、do和does疑问句
“do” 和 “does” 用在一般现在时的疑问句中,帮助构成句子的助动词部分。
1.使用规则
主语
使用助动词
I / you / we / they
do
he / she / it
does
2.结构公式
Do / Does + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?
3.例句说明
主语是 I / you / we / they —— 用 do
Do you like music?
(你喜欢音乐吗?)
Do they play football every day?
(他们每天踢足球吗?)
Do we need to bring anything?
(我们需要带什么东西吗?)
主语是 he / she / it —— 用 does
Does she speak English?
(她会说英语吗?)
他乘坐公交车上学吗?
(Does he go to school by bus?)
它运行得好吗?
(Does it work well?)
注意:
动词需用原形,不要加-s / -es。
例如:
Does she likes music?
→ Does she like music?
4. 简短回答形式
是的,我这样做。/ 不,我不这样做。
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
是的,他这样。/ 不,他不这样。
Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.
二、don’t / doesn’t 否定句
一般现在时的否定句(使用 don’t / doesn’t)
1. 基本规则
主语 + 否定助动词 + 动词原形
我/你/我们/他们 不用 do not,用 don’t
他/她/它 不用 does not,用 doesn’t
2. 句子结构
主语 + don’t / doesn’t + 动词原形 + 其他。
3. 例句说明
主语是 我/你/我们/他们 —— 使用 don’t
我 不喜欢香蕉。
We don’t watch TV.
They don’t play football.
主语是 他/她/它 —— 使用 doesn’t
He doesn’t like bananas.
She doesn’t speak Chinese.
It doesn’t work well.
三、be 动词疑问句
1. be 动词有哪些?
我 am,他/她/它 is,你/我们/他们 are
2. 结构
be动词 + 主语 + 其他?
例句:
Am I late? (我迟到了吗?)
Is he at home? (他在家吗?)
Are you happy? (你开心吗?)
Is it cold today? (今天冷吗?)
Are they ready? (他们准备好了吗?)
3. be 动词与 do/does 疑问句的区别
比较项:
be动词疑问句 使用条件:句子中主语后是 be动词(am, is, are),结构为:be动词 + 主语 + 其他,动词不需要再加其他。
do/does 疑问句 使用条件:句子中主语后是普通动词(如 like, go, have),结构为:do/does + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他,需要与动词原形搭配使用。
对比例子:
正确用法
错误用法
Is she your teacher? (她是你的老师吗?)
Does she your teacher? (错误,“teacher”不是动词)
Does she like music? (她喜欢音乐吗?)
Is she like music? (“like”是动词,不是形容词)
4. 什么时候用 be 动词,什么时候用 do/does
情况:
用 be 动词:句子表达“是什么/是谁/在哪/状态/感觉”。
用 do/does:句子有动作(如 like, eat, go, play 等动词)。
举例判断:
He is a doctor. → Is he a doctor? (be 动词)
She plays tennis. → Does she play tennis? (do/does)
They are at home. → Are they at home? (be 动词)
He eats pizza. → Does he eat pizza? (do/does)
四、否定疑问句
1. 什么是“否定疑问句”?
在疑问句中加入“not”来表示否定,通常是把助动词 + not 放在句首。
有两种形式:
缩写形式(常见),完整形式(正式)。
2. 结构和例句
Doesn’t / Don’t / Didn’t + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?
(1) be 动词的否定疑问句
原句 否定疑问句
She is a teacher. Isn’t she a teacher?
They are at home. Aren’t they at home?
I am late. Aren’t I late? (特殊!不能说“Amn’t I”)
(2) do / does 的否定疑问句
原句 否定疑问句
He likes music. Doesn’t he like music?
You go to school. Don’t you go to school?
(3) did 的否定疑问句(一般过去时)
原句 否定疑问句
She went to the party. Didn’t she go to the party?
3. 语气和含义举例:
Don’t you like chocolate? (你不是喜欢巧克力吗?)→ 表示惊讶
Isn’t she your sister? (她不是你妹妹吗?)→ 确认
安排确认:Aren’t we meeting at 6?(我们不是六点见吗?)
我是不是进错房间了?(Aren’t I in the wrong room?)
| 句子 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| You must finish your homework. | 你必须完成作业。 |
| You have to finish your homework. | 你必须完成作业。 |
| 比较点 | must | have to |
|---|---|---|
| 语气 | 更主观:说话人认为“必须” | 更客观:规则或外部原因要求“必须” |
| 时态 | 只能用于现在或将来 | 可以用于所有时态(现在、过去、将来) |
| 否定形式 | must not(mustn’t):意思是“绝对禁止” | don’t / doesn’t have to:意思是“不必须 / 可以不做” |
1? 语气:主观 vs 客观
You must wear a helmet.
(你必须戴头盔。)→ 说话人觉得这是很重要的安全行为。
You have to wear a helmet.
(你必须戴头盔。)→ 这是法律规定或单位要求的。
2? 否定句意义不同!这是重点!
You must not touch this button.
绝对禁止触碰(表示“不能”)
You don’t have to touch this button.
不需要碰,但你可以碰(表示“不是必须”)
“must not” ≠ “don’t have to”
一个是禁止,一个是没有义务
3? 过去时用法
I must finish the report yesterday.
(错误)
I had to finish the report yesterday.
have to 才能变过去时(had to)
| 中文语感 | 英文表达 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| 我觉得你一定要… | must | 主观 |
| 规定/外部要求你要… | have to | 客观 |
| 你绝对不能… | must not | 禁止 |
| 你不用非要… | don’t have to | 不必须 |
| 时态 | 主语 | 正确形式 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | I / you / we / they | have |
| 一般现在时 | he / she / it | has |
| 一般过去时 | 所有主语 | had |
(1) 表示“拥有”
I have a car.
(我有一辆车)
He has two sisters.
(他有两个妹妹)
We had a big house when I was a child.
(我们小时候有一栋大房子)
(2) 表示“吃、喝、做、经历”(动作)
I have breakfast at 7.
(我7点吃早餐)
She has a shower every morning.
(她每天早上洗澡)
They had a good time yesterday.
(他们昨天玩得很开心)
(3) 用作“完成时”的助动词(have/has + 过去分词)
现在完成时:I have eaten lunch.(我已经吃过午饭)
过去完成时:She had gone before I arrived.(我到达前她已经走了)
| 项目 | have | has | had |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在时 | (复数或 I/you) | (单数 he/she/it) | |
| 过去时 | (所有主语) | ||
| 完成时助动词 | |||
| 含义(拥有) |
| 用法类型 | 说明 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 日常习惯 | 经常做、每天做的事 | I go to school every day. |
| 客观事实 | 永远正确、不变的真理 | Water boils at 100°C. |
| 普遍真理 | 例如地球、自然、生理等 | The sun rises in the east. |
| 计划时间 | 时间表(如飞机、车、课程) | The train leaves at 6 p.m. |
(1) 肯定句
主语 + 动词形式
They play football.
he / she / it + 动词+s/es
She plays the piano.
动词加 s/es 的规则会在后面讲。
(2) 否定句
主语 + do/does not + 动词原形
We don’t watch TV.
He doesn’t like coffee.
(3) 疑问句
Do/Does + 主语 + 动词原形?
Do you like English?
Does she + 原形
Does he go to school?
当主语为 he / she / it 时,动词需加上 s 或 es:
| 原形动词 | he/she/it形式 |
|---|---|
| play | plays |
| go | goes |
| watch | watches |
| do | does |
| have | has |
一般规则:
这些词汇通常表明使用一般现在时:
| 时间副词 | 中文含义 |
|---|---|
| always | 总是 |
| often | 经常 |
| usually | 通常 |
| sometimes | 有时 |
| never | 从不 |
| every day | 每天 |
| on Mondays | 每个星期一 |
| in the morning | 在早上 |
| 中文 | 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 他每天都喝牛奶。 | He drinks milk every day. | He doesn’t drink milk every day. | Does he drink milk? |
| 我每天读英语。 | I read English every day. | I don’t read English every day. | Do you read English? |
| 她通常七点起床。 | She gets up at 7. | She doesn’t get up at 7. | Does she get up at 7? |
I am writing an email right now.(我现在正在写邮件。)
She is staying with a friend this week.(她这周暂住在朋友家。)
We are meeting them tomorrow.(我们明天要跟他们见面。)
He is always borrowing my books!(他总是借我的书,真让人烦!)
? 主语 + am / is / are + 动词-ing
| 主语 | be动词 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|
| I | am | I am eating breakfast. |
| He/She/It | is | She is reading a book. |
| We/You/They | are | They are playing football. |
? 主语 + am / is / are + not + 动词-ing
| 示例句 |
|---|
| I am not sleeping. |
| She is not watching TV. |
| They are not playing basketball. |
? Am / Is / Are + 主语 + 动词-ing + 其他?
| 示例句 |
|---|
| Are you listening? |
| Is he eating lunch now? |
| Am I doing it right? |
这些词汇常和现在进行时一起使用:
| 副词 / 短语 | 中文意思 |
|---|---|
| now | 现在 |
| at the moment | 此刻 |
| right now | 正在现在 |
| today | 今天 |
| this week | 这周(短期内) |
| 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|
| I am studying English now. | I am not studying English. | Am I studying English? |
| She is eating breakfast. | She is not eating breakfast. | Is she eating breakfast? |
| They are playing games. | They are not playing games. | Are they playing games? |
一般过去时表示:
? 动作已经结束
主语 + 动词过去式 + 其他
| 主语 | 示例句 |
|---|---|
| I | I visited my grandma last week. |
| He/She | She watched a movie yesterday. |
| We/They | They played football last Sunday. |
? 主语 + did not (didn’t) + 动词原形 + 其他
否定句中
动词需恢复原形!
否定句 I didn’t watch TV.
I watched TV. → I didn’t watch TV.
She studied English. → She didn’t study English.
Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他? 无论人称是谁,疑问句都以 Did 开头。Did+i/you/he/she/we/they+ 动词原形 + 其他?
疑问句 You went to school. → Did you go to school?
He had breakfast. → Did he have breakfast?
| 原形 | 过去式 |
|---|---|
| play | played |
| watch | watched |
| clean | cleaned |
变化规律:以 e 结尾 ? 加 d:like → liked;辅音字母+y ? 变 y 为 i 加 ed:study → studied;重读闭音节结尾双写词尾:stop → stopped。
| 原形 | 过去式 |
|---|---|
| go | went |
| eat | ate |
| see | saw |
| do | did |
| have | had |
| come | came |
不规则动词需要背诵记忆,常见的会重复出现。
| 时间状语 | 中文意思 |
|---|---|
| yesterday | 昨天 |
| last night/week/month/year | 上一…… |
| two days ago | 两天前 |
| in 2020 | 在2020年 |
| when I was a child | 当我小时候 |
| 中文 | 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 我昨天去了图书馆。 | I went to the library yesterday. | I didn’t go to the library. | Did you go to the library? |
| 她上周看了电影。 | She watched a movie last week. | She didn’t watch a movie. | Did she watch a movie? |
| 他们上个月搬家了。 | They moved last month. | They didn’t move last month. | Did they move last month? |
| 时态 | 句型 | 结构 | 示例 | 中文意思 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 现在完成时 | 陈述句 | 主语 + have/has + 过去分词 | I have eaten breakfast. | 我已经吃过早餐了。 |
| 现在完成时 | 疑问句 | Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + … ? | Has she finished her homework? | 她完成作业了吗? |
| 过去完成时 | 陈述句 | 主语 + had + 过去分词 | She had left before 8. | 她在八点前就已经离开了。 |
| 过去完成时 | 疑问句 | Had + 主语 + 过去分词 + … ? | Had she finished the report before the meeting? | 她开会前就写完报告了吗? |
说明:现在完成时中 have 用于 I / you / we / they;has 用于 he / she / it。
说明:过去完成时中,had 用于所有人称,不变。
从过去某个时间点开始一直持续到现在:
| 时态 | 句型 | 结构 | 示例 | 中文意思 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 现在完成进行时 | 疑问句 | have/has + been + 动词的现在分词(doing) | Have you been drinking water? | 你一直在喝水吗?(持续行为) |
| 例句: | Have you been studying English? | 你最近一直在学英语吗? |
表示“持续的动作”
| 用法 | 现在完成时 | 过去完成时 |
|---|---|---|
| 发生在过去,但与现在有关 | I’ve lost my keys.(我现在找不到) | 不用过去完成时 |
| 表示“曾经”的经历 | Have you ever been to Japan? | Had you ever been to Japan before you moved? |
| 用在两个过去动作中,表示先发生的 | She had finished dinner before he arrived. |
| 动词原形 | 过去分词 |
|---|---|
| go | gone |
| eat | eaten |
| see | seen |
| do | done |
| read | read(发音变 /red/) |
| write | written |
| take | taken |
I have already eaten lunch. 我已经吃过午饭了。
She had left before I arrived. 我到之前,她已经离开了。
They have never seen a panda. 他们从未见过熊猫。
We had finished the work before the deadline. 我们在截止日期前完成了工作。
He has just left. 他刚刚出去了。
I had given up before you arrived. 在你来之前,我就已经放弃了。
Have you had breakfast? 你吃过早饭了吗?
Has she completed her homework? 她完成作业了吗?
Have they shown up yet? 他们到了吗?
Had you eaten before you departed? 你离开之前吃过了吗?
Had she finished the report before the meeting? 她开会前就写完报告了吗?
1.英语将来时的常见表达方式(重点掌握前两种)
| 表达方式 | 结构 | 用法说明 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| will + 动词原形 | 主语 + will + 动词原形 | 表示“将要”,迅速决定、预测 | I will go tomorrow. |
| be going to + 动词原形 | 主语 + am/is/are going to + 动词 | 表示“打算/计划”,已经决定好的未来 | She is going to study. |
| 现在进行时(表示近期安排) | am/is/are + doing | 表示已安排好的事情 | We are meeting him tonight. |
| 一般现在时(用于时刻表等) | 主语 + 动词原形 | 固定安排(车次、开课) | The train leaves at 8. |
2.重点掌握这两个
3.will 和 be going to 的区别
| 情况 | 用 will | 用 be going to |
|---|---|---|
| 临时决定 | √ | |
| 已经决定好的计划 | √ | |
| 预测未来(有根据) | √ | √ |
| 预测未来(主观判断) | √ |
4.将来时的否定won’t(不会)
“won’t” 是 “will not” 的缩写。
| 完整形式 | 缩写形式 |
|---|---|
| will not | won’t |
(1) “won’t” 的句型结构
主语 + won’t + 动词原形
(2) 和肯定句对比一下
| 肯定句 | 否定句 |
|---|---|
| I will go to school. | I won’t go to school. |
| He will help you. | He won’t help you. |
(3) 用法场景总结
| 情况 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 拒绝/否定 | I won’t do that.(我不会那样做) |
| 预测未来不发生 | It won’t rain tomorrow.(明天不会下雨) |
| 命令或劝阻 | You won’t touch that again!(别再碰!) |
1.将来完成时的结构
will have + 过去分词(Past Participle)
主语 will have 过去分词
I / you / he / she / it / we / they will have done / eaten / gone / finished 等
2.表示什么意思
表示:“到了未来某个时间点,动作/状态已经完成。”
3.常用过去分词复习(用于将来完成时)
| 动词原形 | 过去分词 |
|---|---|
| finish | finished |
| go | gone |
| do | done |
| eat | eaten |
| see | seen |
| write | written |
1.什么时候用名词复数
需要爱。
???? (3) 与数量词、some / many / a few 等联用时
一些苹果
在桌子上。
我看到了
三个行人。
| 单数名词 | 复数形式 | 规则说明 |
|---|---|---|
| book | books | 直接加 s |
| apple | apples | 元音结尾直接加 s |
| dog | dogs | 辅音后加 s |
???? (1) 以 -s, -x, -ch, -sh 结尾 → 加 -es
| 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|
| bus | buses |
| box | boxes |
| watch | watches |
| dish | dishes |
???? (2) 以辅音字母 + y 结尾 → 把 y 改为 i 加 es
| 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|
| baby | babies |
| city | cities |
| story | stories |
但如果是元音+y(如:
toy, boy
)→ 直接加 s:toys, boys
???? (3) 以 -f / -fe 结尾的部分词 → 改 f 为 v 加 es
| 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|
| leaf | leaves |
| knife | knives |
| wife | wives |
注意不是所有 -f/-fe 结尾都变,例如:
roof → roofs
???? (4) 不规则名词复数(记住它们)
| 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|
| man | men |
| woman | women |
| child | children |
| foot | feet |
| tooth | teeth |
| mouse | mice |
| person | people |
???? (5) 不可数名词(没有复数)
如:water, rice, money, information, advice 等,不能加 s
? 正确说法:some water / a piece of advice
? 错误写法:waters / advices
被动语态是用来表达:
“某人/某物被……”
强调的是
动作的承受者(被动一方),而不是谁做的这个动作。
???? 举个例子(中英文对比):
| 主动语态(谁做了) | 被动语态(谁被做了) |
|---|---|
| The chef cooked the meal. 厨师烹制了这顿饭。 | The meal was cooked by the chef. 这顿饭是厨师做的。 |
| He broke the window. 他打破了窗户。 | The windows were broken. 窗户被打破了。 |
be动词 + 过去分词(V3)
| 时态 | 主动语态 | 被动语态 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | He cleans the room. | The room is cleaned. |
| 一般过去时 | He cleaned the room. | The room was cleaned. |
| 现在完成时 | He has cleaned the room. | The room has been cleaned. |
| 一般将来时 | He will clean the room. | The room will be cleaned. |
| 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| This book was written by J.K. Rowling. | 这本书是 J.K. 罗琳写的。(被写的) |
| The windows are cleaned every day. | 窗户每天都被擦。 |
| The homework will be finished soon. | 作业很快会被完成。 |
| I was given a gift. | 我被给了一个礼物。 |
| They have been criticized by the teacher. | 他们已经被老师批评了 |
| They were criticized by the teacher. | 他们被老师批评了 |
| She has been criticized by the teacher. | 她已经被老师批评了 |
| She was criticized by the teacher. | 她被老师批评了 |
| 中文表达 | 英语句型 |
|---|---|
| 被打破 | is/was broken |
| 被吃掉 | is/was eaten |
| 被叫走 | is/was called away |
| 被发现 | is/was found |
? 表示动作是“被谁”执行的
The letter was written by her.(信是她写的)
The cake was eaten by the dog.(蛋糕被狗吃了)
???? 如果执行者不重要,可以省略:
The cake was eaten.(被吃掉了)
“the” 用来表示:
????
特指某个/某些已知的、独一无二的、或前面已经提到的名词。
中文里可以理解成:
这个 / 那个
这些 / 那些
????(1) 说话双方都知道的特定事物
???? 说的是大家都知道是哪一个(上下文清楚)
The sun is very bright.(太阳——独一无二)
Please close the door.(说话人知道是哪扇门)
(2) 再次提及的名词
首次使用 a/an,再次使用 the
I saw a dog. The dog was very cute.
(3) 世界上独一无二的事物
The Earth, the sky, the moon, the president
(4) 定冠词后面的名词
有特定信息,使其变得具体明确
I like the book on your desk.(哪本书?桌上的那本)
The girl with the red dress is my cousin.
(5) 表示整个类别的名词(单数形式)
The elephant is a large animal.(大象是一种大型动物)
(6) 海洋、河流、山脉、报纸等专有名词前
The Pacific Ocean, The Yangtze River, The New York Times, The Great Wall
不加 the 的情况示例
讲到泛指的人或物 I like apples.
职业、身份等名词前 She is a teacher.
专有名词前(大多数人名、地名) China, Tom, Mount Fuji
餐食、语言、运动前 I had breakfast. / I speak English. / He plays tennis.
正确与错误的示例(泛指时误用 the)
I have a cat. The cat is white. ? I have the cat.(首次提及不应使用 the)
I like dogs. ? I like the dogs.(如果不是特指,不应加 the)
| 疑问词 | 中文意思 | 询问的内容 | 示例疑问句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| What | 什么 | 事物、职业、行为 | What is this? / What do you want? |
| When | 什么时候 | 时间 | When is your birthday? |
| Why | 为什么 | 原因 | Why are you sad? |
| How | 怎么样/如何 | 方法、方式、状态 | How do you go to school? |
句型:What / When / Why + be动词 + 主语 +(其他)?
be动词的用法与之前学习的一致
| 主语 | 一般现在时使用的 be动词 |
|---|---|
| I | am |
| he / she / it | is |
| you / we / they | are |
示例:
| 疑问词句子 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| What is your name? | 你叫什么名字? |
| When is your birthday? | 你的生日是什么时候? |
| Why are you tired? | 你为什么累? |
| Why is she sad? | 她为什么伤心? |
| Why am I here? | 我为什么在这儿? |
| How is she? | 她怎么样? |
句型:What / When / Why / Who + do / does / did + 主语 + 动词原形 +(其他)?
用法与之前学习的一致
| 时态 | 主语 | 使用的助动词 |
|---|---|---|
| 现在时 | I / you / we / they | do |
| 现在时 | he / she / it | does |
| 过去时 | 所有人称 | did |
示例:
| 疑问句 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| What do you eat for breakfast? | 你早餐吃什么? |
| When does he go to school? | 他什么时候上学? |
| Why do they laugh? | 他们为什么笑? |
| Why did you cry? | 你为什么哭了? |
| What did she say? | 她说了什么? |
| How do you go to school? | 你怎么去学校? |
(1) What — 询问“什么”
用于提问事物、名称、行为、职业等
常见句型:What + be动词 + 主语?(What is this?)
What + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词原形?
例句:What is this?(这是什么?) What do you want?(你想要什么?) What does she do?(她是做什么工作的?)
(2) When — 询问“什么时候”
用来询问时间
常见句型:When + be动词 + 主语?
When + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词原形?
例句:When is your birthday?(你什么时候过生日?) When do you go to bed?(你几点睡觉?) When did he arrive?(他什么时候到的?)
(3) Why — 询问“为什么”
询问原因,常搭配回答 “Because…”(因为……)
常见句型:Why + be动词 + 主语?
Why + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词原形?
??? 例句:
Why are you late?(你为何迟到了?)
Why does he look sad?(他为何看起来难过?)
Why did they leave early?(他们为何早走了?)
???(4)
How
— 询问“怎么样、如何”
可表示方式、方法、状态、程度等,使用十分灵活
??? 常见句型:
How + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词原形?
How + 形容词(如 old、many、much)+ be动词?
??? 例句:
How do you go to school?(你是怎么去学校的?)
How is she?(她怎么样了?)
How old are you?(你多大岁数?)
How much is it?(它值多少钱?)
How many books do you have?(你有多少本书?)
十七、特殊疑问词:Who / Which / Whose
1.Who 疑问句
??? 含义:谁
用来询问人,是关于“
人是谁
”的问题。
??? 常见结构:
(1)
Who + be动词 + 主语?? 问“这个人是谁”
??? 例:
Who is he?
(他是谁?)
(2)
Who + 动词 +(宾语)?? 问“谁做了这件事”
??? 例:
Who opened the door?
(谁打开了门?)
(3)
Who + do/does/did + 动词原形?? 问“谁做某事”时,主语是别人
??? 例:
Who does she like?
(她喜欢谁?)
2.Which 疑问句
??? 含义:哪一个
用来在几个已知选项中进行选择,询问“
哪一个人/物
”。
??? 常见结构:
Which + 名词 + be动词 + 主语?? 哪一个是……
??? 例:
Which book is yours?
(哪本书是你的?)
Which + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词原形?? 哪一个人做了……
??? 例:
Which movie do you like best?
(你最偏爱哪部电影?)
3.Whose 疑问句
??? 含义:谁的
用来询问“
所属关系
”(某物是谁的)
??? 常见结构:
Whose + 名词 + is this/that?
??? 例:
Whose pen is this?
(这是谁的钢笔?)
Whose + 名词 + do/does/did + 主语 + 动词?
??? 例:
Whose book did you borrow?
(你借了谁的书?)
4.对比总结表格
疑问词 意思 用法举例
Who 谁 Who is your teacher? / Who helped you?
Which 哪一个 Which color do you prefer?
Whose 谁的 Whose bag is this? / Whose phone rang?
十八、情态动词疑问句
1.情态动词疑问句的通用结构
? 情态动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 + …?
例句(疑问) 中文意思
Can you swim?
你会游泳吗?
May I sit here?
我可以坐这里吗?
Will she come tomorrow?
她明天会来吗?
Must we wear uniforms?
我们必须穿制服吗?
Shall we begin?
我们开始吧?
2.基本情态动词的疑问用法(现在时)
(1) Can – 能力 / 请求 / 许可(口语最常见)
疑问句 用法
Can you drive? 询问能力:你会开车吗?
Can I use your phone? 请求许可:我可以用你的手机吗?
? 后接动词原形,如:
Can you help me?
(2) May – 正式请求许可 / 可能性(更礼貌、更书面)
疑问句 用法
May I leave early? 请求允许(更加正式)
May it rain tomorrow?
表示可能性
? 更加正式,语气比 can 要礼貌
(3) Will – 意愿 / 未来动作 / 请求
疑问句 用法
Will you help me? 请求帮助
Will she be here at 5? 询问未来的某事是否会成真
(4) Shall – 建议 / 提议(主要用于英式英语,主语常是 I 或 We)
疑问句 用法
Shall we dance? 提议、建议(我们跳舞如何?)
Shall I open the window?
我来开窗户行吗?
(5) Must – 强制 / 必要性(疑问句较少使用)
疑问句 用法
Must I finish this today? 我今天必须完成这件事吗?
??? 注意:Must 的疑问句语气较强烈,日常生活中更常用 have to 来替代。
3.过去时形式的情态动词:
could / might / would / should
这些常被称为“过去式情态动词”,但它们不仅限于过去,还可以表达更委婉、更不确定或更假设的语气。
| 基本含义 | 是否是过去式? | 用法说明 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| could | can 的过去式 | ? 是 | 也用于礼貌请求、假设:Could you help me? |
| might | may 的过去式 | ? 是 | 表示更不确定的可能性:It might rain. |
| would | will 的过去式 | ? 是 | 表示委婉请求、假设:Would you like tea? |
| should | shall 的过去式 | ? 是 | 表示建议/义务(常用于现在或将来):You should rest. |
| 情态动词 | 表示语气 | 是否现在式? | 是否更礼貌/不确定? | 疑问句常用于… |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| can | 能力、许可、请求 | ? 是 | ? 比较直接 | 请求、能力 |
| could | 更委婉请求、过去能力 | ?/过去式 | ? 比 can 礼貌 | 请求、假设 |
| may | 正式许可、可能性 | ? 是 | ? 礼貌 | 许可、推测 |
| might | 更低程度的可能性 | ?/过去式 | ? 比 may 更不确定 | 推测 |
| will | 将来、意愿 | ? 是 | ? 比 would 强 | 将来动作、承诺 |
| would | 更礼貌请求、假设语气 | ?/过去式 | ? 柔和 | 请求、建议 |
| shall | 建议、提议(英式用法) | ? 是 | ? | 提议、约定 |
| must | 必须、推断 | ? 是 | ? 强制 | 义务、推理 |
| should | 应该(建议/道德义务) | ?/过去式 | ? 柔和 | 建议、义务 |
情态动词的完成时,它们在英语中用来表达对过去事情的推测、后悔、未实现的可能性等。
| 结构 | 含义 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|
| might have done | 过去可能做过某事(表示猜测) | He might have missed the train.(可能错过了) |
| could have done | 过去可能做某事(但未做)或能力 | You could have won.(你本来能赢) |
| should have done | 本应该做但没做(表达后悔、责备) | I should have studied harder.(我本该更努力) |
| would have done | 要是当时……就会……(虚拟) | I would have called you if I had known. |
| must have done | 对过去事情的肯定推测 | She must have left already.(她一定已经走了) |
| may have done | 表示可能性(比 might 更确定) | They may have forgotten the meeting. |
would have gone to the party if I hadn’t been sick.(如果没生病,我就会去派对。)????含义:虚拟语气,表达与过去事实相反的情况。
(5) must have + 过去分词(对过去的肯定推测)
She must have forgotten.(她肯定是忘了。)
He must have seen us.(他肯定看到我们了。)????含义:对过去非常确定的推测。
表达 语气/含义
must have 肯定推测(非常确定)
may have / might have 不确定的可能性
could have 有可能但未发生
should have 应该做但没做(后悔)
would have 要是……就会……(虚拟)
1.什么是 been?
been 是动词 be 的过去分词形式(be – was/were – been)。
2.been 的三种主要用法
????(1)在完成时中作为助动词 be 的过去分词
它常与 have/has/had 连用,构成完成时态。
①现在完成时(have/has + been)
表示:从过去某时一直到现在某状态持续存在,或者去过某地但已回来。
I have been sick. 我病过(过去到现在生病的经历或状态)。
She has been to Paris. 她去过巴黎(去过,已经回来)。
He has been in Japan for 5 years. 他已经在日本五年了(至今仍在)。???? 特别注意:
have been to 表示“曾经去过某地”
have been in/at 表示“在某地一段时间”
②过去完成时(had + been)
表示:在过去某一时间之前,某状态已经存在。
They had been tired before the trip began. 旅行开始之前他们已经累了。
He had been in Canada for 2 years before he moved. 在搬家前他已经在加拿大两年了。
????(2) 与被动语态一起使用:have/has/had + been + 过去分词
在完成时中构成被动语态
The house has been cleaned. 房子已经被打扫了。
The letter had been sent before he arrived. 在他到达之前信已经被寄出了。
All the jobs have been finished. 所有工作都完成了。
????(3)现在完成进行时(have/has + been + doing)
表示:某动作从过去开始一直持续到现在,并可能还在继续。
I have been working all day. 我一整天都在工作。
She has been studying English for two years. 她学英语已经两年了。???? 结构:
have/has + been + 动词ing
3.总结:been 常出现在哪些结构中
时态或语态 结构 示例句子 中文意思
现在完成时 have/has + been I have been to London. 我去过伦敦(经历)
过去完成时 had + been He had been sick. 他曾经生过病
被动完成时态 have/has/had + been + Vpp The room has been cleaned. 房间被打扫了
现在完成进行时 have/has + been + 动词ing She has been working. 她一直在工作
1.含义
词汇 中文意思 说明
this 这个 单数,近处的东西
that 那个 单数,远处的东西
these 这些 复数,近处的东西
those 那些 复数,远处的东西
2. 例句
Those people are my classmates. 那些人是我同学。
These are not mine. 这些不是我的。
Do you remember those days? 你还记得那些日子吗?
I don’t know these people. 我不认识这些人。
1.什么是“宾格”?
宾格(Objective Case)是指在句中作宾语的代词。宾语是动作的承受者,通常出现在动词或介词后。
2.所有人称代词的宾格一览表
主格(主语用) 宾格(宾语用) 中文意思 例句
I me 我 He called me.(他打电话给我。)
you you 你 / 你们 I like you.(我喜欢你。)
he him 他 I saw him.(我看到他了。)
she her 她 We helped her.(我们帮助了她。)
it it 它 I found it.(我找到它了。)
we us 我们 She told us a story.(她给我们讲了个故事。)
they them 他们 / 她们 I met them
at the station.(我在车站见到了他们。)
???? 宾格通常适用于三种情况:
| 人称代词 | 宾格 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| I | me | Can you help me? |
| you | you | I saw you at the mall. |
| he | him | She invited him to the party. |
| she | her | We’re looking for her. |
| it | it | I can’t find it. |
| we | us | He brought food for us. |
| they | them | The teacher gave them a warning. |
定语从句是用来描述一个名词或代词的从句,通常紧跟在其后。
???? 例如:
The boy who is playing football is my brother.
→ “who is playing football” 是用来修饰“the boy”的,说明这个男孩是谁。
| 关系词 | 用来指代 | 作句中成分 | 是否可省略 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | 主语 | ? | The girl who sings well is my cousin. |
| whom | 人 | 宾语 | ?(口语常省) | The man whom I met is a teacher. |
| whose | 人或物(表示所属) | 定语 | ? | The boy whose bike is broken is crying. |
| which | 物 / 动物 | 主语或宾语 | ?(作宾语时) | The book which is on the table is mine. |
| that | 人 / 物(通用) | 主语或宾语 | ?(常省略) | The car that he bought is expensive. |
| where | 地点名词 | 地点状语 | ? | The house where I was born is gone. |
| when | 时间名词 | 时间状语 | ? | I remember the day when we met. |
???? 注意:“what”不是关系代词,不能用于定语从句中!
? The book what I read is interesting.(错误)
? The book that / which I read is interesting.(正确)
???? “what”是连接词,但只能引导名词性从句(主语、宾语从句),不能作为定语从句的引导词。
人用 who / whom / whose
物用 which / whose 都可用 that;地点用 where;时间用 when。注意:“what” 不是定语从句的连接词!
名词性从句 = 在句子中扮演名词角色的从句,它可以作为:
| 作用 | 说明 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语 | 作为整句的主语 | What she said is true. |
| 宾语 | 动词的宾语 | I know what he wants. |
| 表语 | 说明主语内容(be之后) | This is what we need. |
| 同位语从句 | 解释说明名词内容 | The idea what he proposed is good.(常用 that 引导) |
what = the thing(s) that,它同时包含关系代词和先行词的作用。不需要重复说“the thing”。结构口诀:what + 主语 + 动词(what引导完整句子)。
| 比较 | what | that |
|---|---|---|
| 是否含先行词 | ? 自带“the thing(s)”含义 | ? 只能连接,先行词在前 |
| 可否作主语 | ? 可以 | ? 一般不直接作主语 |
| 示例 | I like what he said. | The idea that he proposed is great. |
宾语从句是作“宾语”的从句,通常接在动词、介词或某些形容词后,用来说明“说了/想了什么内容”。常用引导词有:that, if, whether, what, who, when, where, why, how。
完整结构:主句 + 动词 + that + 从句
? 省略 that 的条件如下:
| 条件 | 说明 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| that 引导的宾语从句是陈述句 | 非疑问句、非强调句 | I think (that) he is kind. |
| that 引导的从句位置不在句首 | 若在句首,不可省略 | (That she failed) surprised me. ?不能省略 |
| 不影响句子理解或产生歧义 | 否则不能省略 | He said (that) she left. ?? He said that that was wrong. ? 省略易混淆 |
宾语从句作主语时,不可省略。That she failed surprised us. ? 不能说 She failed surprised us.
that 是主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时 → 不能省略。
有歧义或重复 “that” 时,不能省略其中的 that:He said that that was wrong. ?(第一个 that 引导宾语从句,第二个是指示代词)
虚拟语气用于表达不可能的事情、假设的情况、建议 / 要求 / 命令、愿望 / 后悔 / 想象。
| 类型 | 关键词 / 结构 | 举例 | 中文意思 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在虚拟 | If + 过去式,主句 + would/could + 原形 | If I were you, I would study. | 如果我是你,我会学习。 |
| 过去虚拟 | If + had + 过去分词,主句 + would have + 过去分词 | If I had known, I... | 如果我知道了,我会…… |
would have gone . 如果我早知道,我就去了。
If + should / were to + 原形
If I should win, I would travel. 如果我赢了,我会去旅行。
suggest / demand / require + that + 主语 + (should) + 原形
I suggest that he go now. 我建议他现在就走。
wish / if only + 虚拟结构
I wish I were rich. 我希望我很有钱。
would rather + 主语 + 虚拟结构
I’d rather you did it. 我宁愿你来做这件事。
表达时态 结构 示例
与现在相反 wish + 主语 + 过去式 I wish I knew the answer.
与过去相反 wish + 主语 + had + 过去分词 I wish I had studied harder.
与将来相反 wish + would + 原形 I wish it would stop raining.
表达 示例 含义
It’s time 虚拟 It’s time we left. 是时候我们该走了。
would rather 虚拟 I’d rather you did it. 我宁愿你来做。
as if 虚拟 He talks as if he knew everything. 他讲话就像他什么都懂一样(但其实不懂)
closing the door?
suggest I suggest waiting a bit.
keep He keeps complaining . ? 可以接 to do 或 doing ,但意思不同的动词:
| 动词 | doing 意思 | to do 意义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| remember | 记得做过某事(回忆) | 记得去做某事(提醒) | I remember locking the door. Remember to lock the door. |
| forget | 忘了做过某事 | 忘了去做某事 | I forgot meeting her. I forgot to call her. |
| stop | 停止正在做的事 | 停下来去做另一件事 | He stopped smoking . He stopped to smoke . |
| try | 尝试某种方法看看是否有效 | 设法去做一件事 | Try opening the window. Try to open the window. |
4. 动名词 doing 还能当介词宾语 因为介词后通常要用“名词”或“名词短语”,所以动词要变成 doing 才能放在介词后。
? 例句:He is good at drawing . She is interested in reading . Thank you for helping me.
5. 误区 ? 误区:to do 表示将来,doing 表示进行时 不完全对!虽然有时候确实有“时间倾向”,但:
? 正确理解: (1) to do:不定式,表示“打算、意图、目的” 强调“去做某事”, 还没做,打算做 。 例: I want to eat .(我想吃) 表示 有意图 去吃,而不是“将来时”。 He decided to leave .(他决定离开) 是 决定做某事 ,时间是由上下文决定的,不一定是“未来”。
(2) doing:动名词,表示“正在做的动作”或“行为本身” 把一个 动作当作名词 来看。 例: I enjoy reading .(我喜欢阅读) 强调 这个动作本身 带来的快乐,不关心时间。 She finished cleaning the room.(她打扫完了房间) “cleaning” 是 动作的整体行为 ,不是“正在做”。 所以总结: 表达 正确理解 是否表示“正在进行”或“将来” to do 表示意图、目的、打算去做某事 ? 不表示“将来时” doing 把动作名词化(喜欢、完成等) ? 不等于“正在做”
? 进行时态 是用 be + doing 构成的,例如: I am eating .(我正在吃)? 是进行时态。 I like eating .(我喜欢吃)? 不是进行时。
? 对比例句更清楚:
| 句子 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| I want to sleep . | 想去睡觉(意图) |
| I enjoy sleeping . | 喜欢睡觉(行为) |
| I am sleeping now. | 正在睡觉(进行时,be + doing) |
6. 小结口诀 ? 想做某事: to do (计划、意图) ? 喜欢、避免、完成: doing (动作名词化) ? 动词记不住?背清单 + 多做题练习!
1. 什么是比较级 / 最高级? 类型 用来比较 示例 比较级 两者之间的比较 taller(更高) 最高级 三者及以上中“最…” tallest(最高)
2. 基本构成规则 ? (1) 单音节/部分双音节词:直接加 -er / -est 原级 比较级 最高级 tall taller tallest small smaller smallest fast faster fastest
? (2) 多音节形容词 / 副词:用 more / most 原级 比较级 最高级 beautiful more beautiful most beautiful interesting more interesting most interesting
? (3) 不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good better best bad worse worst many / much more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest
3. 常用句型表达 ? (1) A 比 B … A + be动词 + 比较级 + than + B 例句: She is taller than her brother.(她比她的兄弟高。) This book is more interesting than that one.(这本书比那本更有趣。) I get up earlier than before.(我起床比以前早了。)
? (2) A 没有 B 那么…… A + be动词 + not as/so + 形容词原级 + as + B 例句: He is not as tall as his father.(他没有他父亲高) This exam is
not so difficult as the last one. (这次考试没有上次那么难)
???? (3) 最……
A + be动词 + 最高级 + in/of + 范围
? 例句:
He is the tallest in the class.(他是班上最高的)
This is the most important decision.(这是最重要的决定)
She runs the fastest of all.(她是跑得最快的)
???? (4) 最……之一
one of + the + 最高级 + 名词复数
? 例句:
She is one of the best students in the class. (她是班上最优秀的学生之一)
This is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. (这是世界上最美丽的城市之一)
???? (5) 越来越……
比较级 + and + 比较级
? 例句:
It’s getting colder and colder. (天气变得越来越冷了)
She is becoming more and more confident. (她变得越来越自信了。)
???? (6) 超过
用动词 surpass / exceed / outdo / beat,这些是正式/高级表达“超过”的动词,可以用来替换**“more than”**。
动词 含义 示例
surpass 超过(体育比赛中、抽象能力、成就) He surpassed his teacher.(他超越了老师)
exceed 超过(数量、限度) Sales exceeded expectations.(销量超过预期)
outdo 超过、胜过(努力或表现) She outdid herself in that show.(她超常发挥)
beat 打败、超过(竞争) Our team beat theirs by 10 points.(我们赢了10分)
二十九、副词的位置与种类
副词能修饰动词、形容词、句子或其他副词,表达时间、频率、程度、方式、地点、原因等
1.副词的常见种类和例词
副词种类 用途 常见副词 示例句
方式副词 表示“怎么做” quickly, slowly, well, carefully She runs quickly.
时间副词 表示“什么时候” now, today, soon, later, yesterday I’ll call you later.
地点副词 表示“在哪里” here, there, inside, outside He is waiting outside.
频率副词 表示“多久一次” always, often, never, sometimes She always wakes up early.
程度副词 表示“多么……程度” very, too, quite, almost, enough This is very good.
句子副词 修饰整个句子(态度/连接) fortunately, actually, certainly Actually, I didn’t know that.
2.副词的位置规则总结
不同种类的副词在句中位置不同,下面是常见副词的放置位置规律:
? (1) 频率副词(always, usually, often, sometimes, never)
?????? 一般放在实义动词前 / be 动词后
正确 ? 错误 ?(仅用于对比)
She always gets up early. She gets up always early.
He never eats meat. He eats never meat.
I am usually tired. I usually am tired. (Be 动词前)
? (2) 方式副词(quickly, carefully, well)
?????? 一般放在动词之后
She sings beautifully.
He answered the question quickly.
They play football well.
? (3) 时间副词(today, now, later,already,yet,just)
?????? 一般放在句首 / 句末(句尾更常见)
Today, I have a meeting.
I’ll call you tomorrow.
We are going shopping now.
I have already eaten lunch.
She has finished her work already.
I have just finished my homework.
I haven’t finished my homework yet.
? (4) 地点副词(here, there, outside)
?????? 一般放在句尾或句首(强调)
He is waiting there.
Outside
, the birds are singing.
? (5) 程度副词(very, too, enough)
一般置于
修饰词语之前
(enough 例外,置于后)
She is
quite
beautiful.
This coffee is
excessively
hot.
He is tall
sufficiently
to reach it.
? (6) 句子副词(actually, probably, fortunately)
置于句首或主语前后,
表达态度或观点
Fortunately,
no one was injured.
Actually,
I disagree.
He
likely
won’t come.
3. 注意副词与形容词的区别
形容词
副词
说明
He is a
cautious
driver.
He drives
with caution
.
cautious 修饰人/名词 cautiously 修饰动作
4. 常见错误总结
? 不正确的位置:
He always is happy. ?
? 应该是:He
is always
happy. ?
She sings well very. ?
? 应该是:She sings
very well
. ?
三十、倒装句
1. 什么是倒装句?
倒装指的是:
正常语序(主语 + 谓语)被调整,
将谓语的一部分或全部
置于主语之前。
? 例子:
? 正常语序:
She had never seen
such a thing.
? 倒装语序:
Never had she seen
such a thing.
???? 倒装主要用于:
强调否定副词/短语
条件句
由 only / not until / hardly 等副词引导的句子
2. 常见引起倒装的副词类型
? (1) 否定副词引起的倒装(最常考)
引起倒装的词或短语
中文含义
Never
从不
Hardly / Scarcely / Barely
几乎不
Rarely / Seldom / Little
很少/几乎不
Not until
直到……才……
No sooner … than …
一……就……
Not only … but also …
不但……而且……
???? 倒装结构:
副词 / 短语 + 助动词 / be / 情态动词 + 主语 + 动词
例句:
原句(正常语序)
倒装句(强调句式)
I
had never seen
such a beautiful place.
Never had I seen
such a beautiful place.
He
not only lost
his keys, but he also lost his wallet.
Not only did he lose
his keys, but he also lost his wallet.
She
had hardly arrived
when it started to rain.
Hardly had she arrived
when it started to rain.
I
did not realize
she was angry
until she spoke
.
Not until she spoke did I realize
she was angry.
? (2) 条件状语从句省略 if 引起的倒装
当
if
被省略时,助动词要提前。
原句(正常语序)
倒装结构
If I were you, I would do it.
Were I you,
I would do it.
If he had known, he would have come.
Had he known,
he would have come.
If you should need help, call me.
Should you need
help, call me.
? (3) only + 状语/副词短语开头引起的倒装
这些副词短语用于句首表示强调时,主句要倒装。
结构
示例
Only then / Only in this way / Only when…
Only then
did I realize the truth.
Only after / Only by / Only if …
Only after
he left
did I understand
.
Only with / Only through
Only through practice
can we improve.
? (4) 表地点/方向的副词(文学倒装)
为了生动表达或文艺句式,副词在句首,引起部分倒装。
正常语序
倒装句式
The train came into the station.
Into the station
came the train
.
A dog ran out of the house.
Out of the house
ran a dog
3. 倒装句结构小总结表
类型
引导词
倒装结构
示例句
否定副词倒装
几乎不,很少,不直到
副词 + 助动词 + 主语 + 动词
Never have I seen such a thing.
条件倒装省略 if:had, were, should
助动词 + 主语 + 动词
Had I known, I would’ve helped.
only 强调倒装
only + 状语
only + 状语 + 助动词 + 主语 + 谓语
Only then did he realize his mistake.
方向/地点副词倒装
here, there, up, down, out
副词 + 动词 + 主语
Here comes the bus.
| 主语 | 动词形式 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | 原形(不加 -s) | I play / You play |
| he / she / it / Tom | 动词 + s/es | She plays / He goes |
| 单数 | 动词 + s/es | The book contains useful knowledge. |
| 复数 | 用原形动词 | The books contain useful knowledge. |
? 举例对比:
| 错误句(?) | 正确句(?) | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| The students in the class is smart. | The students in the class are smart. | 主语是 students → 复数 |
| Neither of them are ready. | Neither of them is ready. | Neither 是单数 |
| The number of people are big. | The number of people is big. | the number 是单数短语 |
| A lot of water are needed. | A lot of water is needed. | water 是不可数名词 |
主语单数动词+s,
主语复数动词原;
either / neither 看单数,
each / every 是重点;
with / of 不看介词后,
量词前看形式变;
family team 看意思,
整体单数成员分;
there / here 要看后,
真正主语别看走。
强调句型是用结构:It is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who + 句子其他部分来强调句子中的一个成分(如:人、时间、地点、方式、原因等)。
| 被强调部分类型 | 强调结构 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 人(主语) | It was + 人 + who … | It was Tom who broke the glass.(是Tom打碎的) |
| 时间 | It was + 时间 + that … | It was yesterday that we met.(是昨天我们见的) |
| 地点 | It was + 地点 + that … | It was in the park that I saw her. |
方式 / 工具
采用 + 方式 + 使得 …
例如:
他通过公交车到达这里。
即为
It was by bus that he came here.
原因
由于 + 原因 + 导致 …
例如:
因为他感到疲倦,所以他提前离开了。
即为
It was because he was tired that he left early.
3.强调句的构造技巧(原句如何变)
一个“强调句”肯定能还原成正常的句子。若不能,则它并非强调句型,而是由“it 引导的句子”。
将
原句拆为三部分:
例如:He left the room at 8 o’clock.
被强调部分:at 8 o’clock(时间)
强调句:It was at 8 o’clock that he left the room.
再看一个例子:
原句:She gave me a book.
强调人:She → It was she who gave me a book.
强调物:a book → It was a book that she gave me.
4.常见强调句的变形形式
| 强调内容 | 强调句 | 还原原句 |
|---|---|---|
| 人(主语) | It was Tom who opened the door. | Tom opened the door. |
| 时间 | It was yesterday that we met. | We met yesterday. |
| 地点 | It is in Beijing that he lives. | He lives in Beijing. |
| 方式/工具 | It was by bike that he came. | He came by bike. |
5.除了 it is/was … that,还有哪些强调表达方式?
三十三、省略句 / 连接词
1.省略句
定义:
在上下文清晰的前提下,省去句子中重复或不必要的部分以使表达更加简洁。
常见的省略方式:
(1) 省略主语 + be动词
例如:I am happy, and you are.
更简:I am happy, and you.
意思明确时,可省略“you are”。
(2) 省略重复的动词
例如:He likes music, and so does she. 或 He likes music, and she does too.
(3) 祈使句中省略主语
Sit down, please.(省略了 You)
(4) 口语中的常见省略
“Going out?”(= Are you going out?)
“Sure.”(= Yes, I am sure.)
2.连接词 and / but / so / because 用法
这四个是最基础且最常用的连接词,用于将两个句子连成一个完整的句子。
(1) and(和/而且)
表示并列、顺承或同时发生的动作。
例如:I like apples, and I like bananas.
She got up early and went to school.
(2) but(但是)
表示转折、对比。
例如:He is rich, but he is not happy.
She studies hard, but she fails sometimes.
(3) so(所以)
表示结果,因果关系的结果。
例如:It was raining, so we stayed at home.
He was tired, so he went to bed.
(4) because(因为)
表示原因,是因果关系的原因。
例如:She studies hard because she wants to succeed.
He stayed home because he was sick.
3.表格总结:连接词功能与用法对比
| 连接词 | 中文含义 | 表达关系 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | 和/而且 | 并列 | I sing and dance. |
| but | 但是 | 转折 | He is old but strong. |
| so | 所以 | 结果 | It’s cold, so... |
穿上外套。
因为
原因
我提前离开了,因为我感到疲倦了。
| 介词 | 用法分类 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| at | 时间 / 地点(具体点) | at 6 o’clock, at the bus stop |
| in | 时间(大范围)/ 地点(范围内) | in July, in China, in a box |
| on | 时间(具体日)/ 表面 | on Monday, on the wall |
| by | 方式 / 近旁 / 截止时间 | come by bus, by 5 p.m., sit by me |
| for | 目的 / 对象 / 持续时间 | a gift for you, for two hours |
| to | 方向 / 动作对象 | go to school, say to him |
I wake up at 7 a.m.
Climb on the bus quickly.
I reached the station late.
They married last year.
Prepare for class!
| 搭配 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| make a decision | 做决定 | I need to make a choice. |
| make money | 赚钱 | He earns a lot of money. |
| make a mistake | 犯错误 | I committed a big error. |
| make a phone call | 打电话 | She placed a phone call. |
| make friends | 交朋友 | It’s tough to form friendships here. |
| 搭配 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| do homework | 做作业 | I must complete my homework. |
| do the dishes | 洗碗 | She cleaned the dishes after dinner. |
| do your best | 尽最大努力 | Just try your hardest! |
| do business | 做生意 | He trades in China. |
| do sports | 做运动 | I enjoy exercising every day. |
| 动词 | 搭配 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| give | give a gift, give a smile | He presented me with a book. |
| have | have breakfast, have fun | We had an amazing time. |
| go | go shopping, go swimming | Let’s hike tomorrow. |
| 方位词 | 中文含义 | 示例句(英语 + 中文) |
|---|---|---|
| in | 在……里面 | The book is in the bag.(书在包里。) |
| on | 在……上面 | The phone is on the table.(手机在桌子上。) |
| under | 在……下面 | The cat is under the bed.(猫在床下。) |
| behind | 在……后面 | The car is behind the house.(车在房子后面。) |
| in front of | 在……前面 | He is in front of the building.(他在楼前。) |
| next to / beside | 紧挨着 / 在……旁边 | She sits next to me.(她坐在我旁边。) |
| between | 在……之间 | The bank is between the school and the park.(银行在学校和公园之间。) |
| above | 在……上方(不接触) | There’s a clock above the door.(门上方有个钟。) |
| below | 在……下方 | The temperature is below zero.(气温在零度以下。) |
| over | 在……正上方(覆盖/跨越) | The plane flew over the city.(飞机飞过城市上空。) |
| across from | 在……对面 | The library is across from the bank.(图书馆在银行对面。) |
你可以这样记忆:
| 搭配 | 中文含义 |
|---|---|
| at the corner of the room | 在房间的角落 |
| in the middle of the road | 在路的中间 |
| next to the door | 靠近门 |
| behind the curtain | 在窗帘后面 |
| in front of the TV | 在电视前 |
| 原形 (V1) | 过去式 (V2) | 过去分词 (V3) |
|---|---|---|
| begin | began | begun |
| break | broke | broken |
| write | wrote | written |
| lose | lost | lost |
| go | went | gone |
| come | came | come |
| take | took | taken |
| make | made | made |
| see | saw | seen |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| run | ran | run |
| say | said | said |
| give | gave | given |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| sing | sang | sung |
swim
swam
swum
sit
sat
sat
get
got
gotten / got(英式)
do
did
done
have
had
had
be
was / were
been
? 例句:
I ate pizza yesterday.(过去式)
I have eaten pizza already.(现在完成时)
? 经常用 V3(过去分词)的是:
完成时(have/has/had + V3)
被动语态(is/was + V3)
情态完成(should have + V3)
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