In economics, an externality (or transaction spillover) is a cost or benefit, not transmitted through prices,incurred by a party who did not agree to the action causing the cost or benefit. A benefit in this case is called a positive externality or external benefit, while a cost is called a negative externality or external cost.
(来源:坑爹且不可用于参考资料的维基百科)
简单来说 一个人的行为对别人或者社会造成影响,带来成本或者收益,(就是说对别人或社会有益或有害),但是那个做出行为的人没有义务对此负责任,或者说没有通过价格的方法传递。。。