Contents
1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................1
2. Energy profiles and energy regulation...............................................................................2
2.1 Energy profiles .................................................................................................................2
2.2 Energy regulation .............................................................................................................7
3. Energy infrastructure and interconnectedness of energy systems in North America...13
3.1 Oil infrastructure .............................................................................................................13
3.2 Electricity infrastructure ..................................................................................................16
4. Energy security in North America.....................................................................................26
4.1 Defining energy security: Importers and exporters..........................................................26
4.2 Energy security and climate change ...............................................................................27
4.3 Energy security: A U.S. perspective ...............................................................................28
4.4 Energy security: A Canadian perspective .......................................................................32
4.5 Energy security: A Mexican perspective .........................................................................34
5. North American energy and climate change relationships............................................36
5.1 Tri-national relationships.................................................................................................36
5.2 Bilateral relationships .....................................................................................................40
5.3 Regional initiatives (sub-national) ...................................................................................42
5.4 Multinational initiatives....................................................................................................43
5.5 Assessment of relationships in the context of North American energy and climate policy
..................................................................................................................................45
6. Areas for climate change and energy collaboration.......................................................47
6.1 Policy collaboration.........................................................................................................47
6.2 Technology research, development and deployment......................................................48
6.3 Capacity building ............................................................................................................49
7. Potential trade irritants.....................................................................................................50
7.1 Border adjustments ........................................................................................................50
7.2 Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 and California’s low-carbon fuel standard
................................................................................................................................51
7.3 “Buy American” provisions of the U.S. stimulus package................................................54
8. Boundary climate regime scenarios ................................................................................55
8.1 Boundary Scenario 1: “Bottom-up” national plans...........................................................55
8.2 Boundary Scenario 2: A North American emissions bubble ............................................56
8.3 Energy implications of each scenario .............................................................................57
8.4 Most likely policy scenario ..............................................................................................58
9. Canadian considerations and conclusions.....................................................................60
Bibliography...........................................................................................................................62