摘要翻译：
合作育种是社会群体中利他合作的一个极好例子。家犬从合作狩猎和繁殖祖先进化而来，但已经适应了街道上兼性的社会拾荒生活方式，并独自生活在人类家中。宠物通常在人类的监督下繁殖和繁殖，但自由放养的狗可以提供对狗的自然繁殖生物学的见解。我们在印度进行了一项为期五年的关于父母对自由放养狗的照顾的研究。我们观察到成年雄性和雌性都有广泛的异基因化。同居者提供的照顾明显少于母亲，但假定的父亲表现出与母亲相当的照顾水平。然而，护理的性质各不相同；母亲在喂养和异体方面投入更多的精力，而假定的父亲则更多地玩耍和保护。我们不确定幼崽与假定的父亲之间的关系，但所有的异体都是幼崽的母系亲属，这为亲缘关系的益处和确定的适应回报假说提供了支持。自由放养的狗不像狼那样是合作繁殖者，而是更类似于公共繁殖者。它们的繁殖生物学与人类联合家族系统有着有趣的相似之处。
---
英文标题：
《Do dogs live in joint families? Understanding allo-parental care in
  free-ranging dogs》
---
作者：
Manabi Paul and Anindita Bhadra
---
最新提交年份：
2016
---
分类信息：

一级分类：Quantitative Biology        数量生物学
二级分类：Other Quantitative Biology        其他定量生物学
分类描述：Work in quantitative biology that does not fit into the other q-bio classifications
不适合其他q-bio分类的定量生物学工作
--

---
英文摘要：
  Cooperative breeding is an excellent example of altruistic cooperation in social groups. Domestic dogs have evolved from cooperatively hunting and breeding ancestors, but have adapted to a facultatively social scavenging lifestyle on streets, and solitary living in human homes. Pets typically breed and reproduce under human supervision, but free-ranging dogs can provide insights into the natural breeding biology of dogs. We conducted a five year long study on parental care of free-ranging dogs in India. We observed widespread alloparenting by both adult males and females. Allomothers provided significantly less care that the mothers, but the putative fathers showed comparable levels of care with the mothers. However, the nature of care varied; mothers invested more effort in feeding and allogrooming, while the putative fathers played and protected more. We were unsure of the relatedness of the pups with the putative fathers, but all the allomothers were maternal relatives of the pups, which provides support for both the benefit-of-philopatry and assured fitness returns hypotheses. Free-ranging dogs are not cooperative breeders like wolves, but are more similar to communal breeders. Their breeding biology bears interesting similarities with the human joint family system.
---
PDF链接：
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.01138