Table of contents
Executive summary ........................................................................................................... 6
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 10
Technology basics............................................................................................................ 11
Advantages of lithium-ion batteries for vehicle use ....................................................... 12
How does a lithium-ion battery work? ........................................................................... 14
Technology and cost challenges ..................................................................................... 16
Global market.................................................................................................................. 18
National policies ............................................................................................................. 22
Patents and R&D ............................................................................................................ 23
Lead battery pack firms .................................................................................................. 26
U.S. value chain ............................................................................................................... 29
What goes into a battery? ............................................................................................... 29
U.S. value chain, by segment ......................................................................................... 35
Cost breakdown .............................................................................................................. 41
U.S. manufacturing ......................................................................................................... 43
Firm-level data ................................................................................................................ 44
Location-level data ......................................................................................................... 47
Startup firms ................................................................................................................... 48
U.S. manufacturing jobs ................................................................................................. 52
Future of the U.S. supply base ....................................................................................... 54
U.S. strengths and opportunities ..................................................................................... 54
U.S. weaknesses and threats ........................................................................................... 55
Capacity and demand ..................................................................................................... 56
Future strategies .............................................................................................................. 59
Synergies with other clean energy technologies ........................................................... 62
Energy storage to increase penetration of solar and wind power ................................... 63
Decentralized and centralized energy storage ................................................................ 63
Nanotechnology .............................................................................................................. 65
Fuel cells, advanced electronics, and biotechnology ...................................................... 66
Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 69
References cited ............................................................................................................... 70

List of figures
Figure 1. Battery performance requirement by vehicle application ............................................ 12
Figure 2. Power (acceleration) and energy (range) by battery type ............................................. 13
Figure 3. Advances in energy density of selected battery types, by year .................................... 14
Figure 4. Discharging mechanism of a lithium-ion battery ......................................................... 15
Figure 5. Lithium-ion battery cell, module and pack................................................................... 16
Figure 6. Global lithium-ion battery market share, by country and by firm ................................ 18
Figure 7. Global employment in the lithium-ion battery industry ............................................... 19
Figure 8. Lithium-ion cell & battery manufacturing, market share, by country .......................... 21
Figure 9. Government funding of battery technology development for vehicles, United States
and Japan, 2002-2009 ................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 10. Patents and research papers related to lithium-ion batteries 1998 – 2007, by country
...................................................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 11. Production structure of the lithium-ion battery industry ............................................ 29
Figure 12. Structure of a cylindrical lithium-ion battery ............................................................. 32
Figure 13. Structure of a stack lithium-ion battery ...................................................................... 32
Figure 14. Value chain of lithium-ion batteries for vehicles ....................................................... 33
Figure 15. Global value chain of lithium-ion batteries for vehicles, with major global players
and U.S. players with current and planned facilities (not exhaustive) .......................................... 34
Figure 16. Alliances and joint ventures between battery firms and automakers ......................... 39
Figure 17. U.S. national rechargeable battery projects and players ............................................. 41
Figure 18. U.S. lithium-ion battery-relevant manufacturing and R&D locations ....................... 48
Figure 19. Industry structure of conventional combustion vehicles vs. EVs ............................... 52
Figure 20. Global vehicle forecast, 2010-2020 ............................................................................ 57
Figure 21. Forecast of production capacity for cars using lithium-ion batteries, 2015 ............... 59
Figure 22. Lithium-ion battery power density and energy density required by 2020, by
application .................................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 23. Lithium-ion battery road map and nanotechnology ................................................... 65
Figure 24. Carbon nanotube technology: possible applications .................................................. 67
List of tables
Table 1. Technical performance by existing battery type ............................................................ 13
Table 2. Lithium-ion battery components, functions, and main materials .................................. 15
Table 3. Top 10 applicants for lithium-ion battery patents in the United States ......................... 25
Table 4. Top 30 authors of academic research papers related to lithium-ion batteries ............... 25
Table 5. Key players’ production capacity for lithium-ion batteries: Europe, Japan, South Korea,
United States ................................................................................................................................ 28
Table 6. Four major types of cathodes for lithium-ion batteries: energy density, pros and cons,
and manufacturers ......................................................................................................................... 30
Table 7. Lithium-ion battery cost breakdown .............................................................................. 42
Table 8. ARRA grants to lithium-ion battery manufacturers and material suppliers .................. 43
Table 9. Lithium-ion battery-related firms with current and planned U.S. manufacturing,
assembly and R&D locations: firm-level data .............................................................................. 45
Table 10. U.S. startup firms in the lithium-ion battery industry .................................................. 50
Table 11. Outlook for lithium-ion battery demand, capacity, and use, EV-equivalent in
thousands of units ......................................................................................................................... 58
Table 12. Strategy matrix of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats - U.S. lithium-ion
battery supply chain ...................................................................................................................... 61
Table 13. Major U.S. players in CNT manufacturing and R&D ................................................. 68