内容：

福利经济学--中级微观

ZF干预（因为市场失灵）--公共物品和外部性

公共选择与政治经济学（选举问题）中国特色少一点（现在只在村的层面）

赋税归宿以及最优税收理论

社保（医疗，养老）

财政联邦制与地方ZF

Defining the Field of Study

*Narrow def: Public Finance- the field of economics that analyzes government taxation and spending policies (仅包括税收和支出，02-03年翁翕上课内容）

讲中国的税：增值税，营业税，个人所得税，资本利得税，房产税等。各种税率，给不同机构：民企、外企、国企

经济学的origin: 1776- Adam Smith 国富论

欧洲中世纪史：君主缺钱--民主国家兴起后，需要钱发展国家--君主征税--15、16世纪君主需要筹钱 celebrity：Colbert柯尔贝尔（欧洲代表人物）

中国历史上对税收的研究：唐朝杨炎实行两税法以便于增加中央的税收收入，明朝张居正一条鞭法

*Broad public economics def: Public Economics ( Public Sector Economics)- study of government policy through the lens of economics efficiency and equity用工具来研究

经院有财政系，一届里只能有1-2个去财政部，还需要考公务员

Broad Topics

Analysis and design of public policy

Public finance theory and its application

Distributional （从公平角度看）effects of taxation and government expenditures

*Motivation

Why should we be interested in analyzing public policies?

-修身(as a student/scholar)

Subfield related: macro, development, corporate finance, etc.

The empirical tool

-齐家(as a citizen)

如果以后在中国生活--中国的政策无穷多

Economics policies are everwhere and constantly affect our everyday life

Through price intervenes: taxes, transfers, minimum wages, etc.

     ~  regulation: on what we eat and consume, on the labor mkt, on education, etc.

在美国，可以退税作为中国公民

-治国(as a future practitioner)

满清王朝北大荒——ZF里面清华比较多，当时很多人嚷着从政

Jobs : take decisions affecting others: Social Choices!

*The Size of Government

How to measure the size of government

# of workers

Annual expenditures 广东ZF有很多临时工，但乡长贪污很多钱

Types: purchases of goods and services/transfer of income/interest payment(美国国债）

美国的例子(课本）：1970年

欧洲福利高： Sweden France Germany UK Canada

China 数据非常难找，财政部的同学也不知道...

2010, government expenditure 89874.16亿RMB(不知道有没有包括地方ZF），22.6%比美国低，sense：没有那么好的福利

中央直属的国有企业--crucial industries

富士康-郭台铭-雇员数不亚于一些小国

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Game theory, intermediate economics, econometrics: instrument 而不会特别强调针对特别的问题应该如何去应用

Labor economics, industrial economics, international economics

笑傲江湖：令狐冲==独孤九剑--内功不行、老江湖千变万化，所以打不过，他并不知道在什么情况下用第几剑

供给曲线，Nash Equilibrium--用对了地方，就很好

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Case study--报告范本

1. 北京汽车限购令

*Implemented in 2011

*Key: 通过无偿摇号方式分配车辆指标 20-30%（听说）

*Related questions:

Q1-Why should government intervene?

堵车，污染

Fundamental theorems of welfare economics:

Competitive markets are Pareto-efficient and any efficient allocation can be reached by a competitive equilibrium

第一福利经济学定理：完全竞争的市场是有效的 (假设：人是理性的；市场是存在的（common goods是反例） public goods

Then why government intervention?

3 functions of government:

*Creation/ Definition of markets

*Correction of market failures(公共品(道路属于）与外部性（尾气和噪音给他人造成的负担自己不会考虑到））

*Solutions to limited rationality of individuals

*Redistribution

思路举例：对房市的调控

Q2-What are the effects? Did the government achieve its goal?

Direct effects: congestion/pollution is reduced

Indirect effect: distort the choice（扭曲车辆的选择--借钱贷款也会去买豪车）of automobiles; lead to misallocations since some high valuation people cannot get a car; affect car producers and resellers,choice of house(distance)...

Analyzing the Effects:

We need theoretical toolkit to understand the interaction between policies and behaviors:

*Partial equilibrium （攻击需求）/ General equilibrium

*Dynamics

*Uncertainty, etc...

Empirical methods to identify & estimate behavioral responses:

*The welfare loss due to misallocation

*The distortion on automobile purchasing decision

Q3-Are there any better ways to intervene?

基于前两个问题、研究的引申

First need to set an objective--减少资源的无效配置

Then see whether alternative policies (license auction上海牌照拍卖, congestion charge探测到车辆进入重度拥堵地区则自动扣钱London's method, etc.) can better maximize the objective

Compare the costs and benefits of different policies very carefully可以去了解国外如何治理拥挤，进行对比，可以建模型或者引入别人的研究

Government Failure

*Serious problems with government intervene:

-Information: how does government aggregate preferences and technology to chose optimal production and allocation?

-Government policies inherently distort incentives (behavioral responses in private sector)

-Politicians not necessarily a benevolent planner in reality; face incentive constraints themselves

*Creates sharp trade-off

Equity-Efficiency Trade-off

incentive constraints:ZF威胁Amy 行贿，结果Bob没有得到所有Amy付出的，最后的点没有在一条线上