1 论文标题
Prices versus Quantities versus Bankable Quantities
2 作者信息
Harrison Fell, Ian A. MacKenzie, William A. Pizer
3 出处和链接（比如，NBER working paper No.11000）
NBER Working Paper No. 17878
Issued in March 2012

4 摘要

Quantity-based regulation with banking allows regulated firms to shift obligations across time in response to periods of unexpectedly high or low marginal costs. Despite its wide prevalence in existing and proposed emission trading programs, banking has received limited attention in past welfare analyses of policy choice under uncertainty. We address this gap with a model of banking behavior that captures two key constraints: uncertainty about the future from the firm’s perspective and a limit on negative bank values (e.g., borrowing). We show conditions where banking provisions reduce price volatility and lower expected costs compared to quantity policies without banking. For plausible parameter values related to U.S. climate change policy, we find that bankable quantities produce behavior quite similar to price policies for about two decades and, during this period, improve welfare by about a $1 billion per year over fixed quantities.

全文：http://www.nber.org/papers/w17878.pdf