Sustainable Digital Finance.epub
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Sustainable Digital Finance
In many parts of the world, bank accounts and the financial control that they provide are seamlessly woven into the fabric of daily life. Yet, in many developing countries, they remain a gateway to opportunity that millions of people still lack. For a woman trader in a rural village, life without a bank account once meant struggling to save, plan, or grow her livelihood. The arrival of a mobile banking app changed everything: she could secure a small loan in the morning, buy produce to sell at the market, and repay the loan by the evening. Digital finance was more than a convenience. It transformed her business, empowered her to invest in her children’s education, and gave her control over a future she once thought unattainable. Every day, similar stories are unfolding across the globe, underscoring the profound potential of digital finance to reshape lives and redefine how the world conducts business. As we navigate an era of rapid global transformation, the convergence of digital technology, finance, and sustainability is no longer a distant frontier; it is increasingly the cornerstone of sustainable development. When harnessed correctly, digital finance offers an unparalleled opportunity to improve lives, align financial systems with development priorities, meaningfully engage citizens, and better address global challenges such as climate change, poverty, and inequality.
To realize this potential, the Broadband Commission’s mission to achieve universal and meaningful internet connectivity by 2030 could not be more urgent. Equally important is investing in robust digital public infrastructure (DPI)—the foundational systems like digital IDs and payment platforms that will enable digital finance to flow widely and equitably. Much like physical infrastructure requires safety measures, DPI must be built on principles, policies, and safeguards to ensure trust, security, and accessibility for all. Without these, countries risk becoming weak links in the global chain, undermining collective progress. Trust is paramount: if people doubt the security and fairness of digital tools, they are unlikely to embrace the financial products and services that could transform their lives and livelihoods. The question is how we can support developing countries to proactively invest in their DPI, ultimately putting new financial technologies—or fintech—into the hands of those who need them most. This involves efforts like the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General’s High Impact Initiative on DPI, co-led by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which will catalyze the collective action necessary to support 100 countries globally to build or strengthen a people-centered and human rights-based DPI by 2030.
The COVID-19 pandemic illustrated digital finance’s potential, enabling governments to rapidly deliver cash transfers to millions of people confined to their homes. It will also allow countries to be better prepared for the shocks to come. Consider Ukraine, where its prior investment in DPI allowed it to extend rapid digital financial assistance to people affected by the war, building on lessons from Sierra Leone's Ebola response. As the climate emergency intensifies, access to digital insurance and risk financing solutions will be vital in providing people with the means to recover and rebuild when disaster strikes. Technology can also enable more efficient and scalable processes such as automated claims payouts. Indeed, companies are already leveraging artificial intelligence and blockchain to lower the costs of insurance for smallholder farmers on the Continent of Africa. In this key area, UNDP’s Insurance and Risk Finance Facility is notably working with industry and governments to advance scalable insurance, risk finance, and investment solutions across the world.
Ultimately, such efforts are vital to building financial resilience— allowing families to invest with more certainty in the future with the knowledge that their critical assets are well protected including in the face of economic and climate shocks. Indeed, in her new role as the UN Secreta ry-General’s Special Advocate for Financial Health, Her Majesty Queen Máxima of the Netherlands has clearly articulated that access and usage of financial services including digital is often only the first step. There is a need for a new convergence in thinking whereby financial systems work toward attaining positive and longer-term sustainable development outcomes through financial health. A financially healthy person is one that uses well-designed financial tools to manage daily expenses, invest in their future, and safeguard against unexpected challenges such as illness, job loss, or climate-related disruptions.
Innovative digital investment platforms can also provide communities with a stronger voice in the development agenda. One of the key insights from the UN Secretary-General’s Task Force on Digital Financing of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was that if people gain more control over their finances through inclusive fintech, they will invest in critical areas that matter to them and the generations to come. For instance, an initiative launched in Bangladesh leverages people’s micro-savings to help finance new green infrastructure projects, everything from sanitation schemes to modern healthcare facilities.1This may be a model for other governments across the world to explore as they seek to drive progress on the SDGs.
Crucially, at the macro-level, digital finance, including blockchain technology, holds immense untapped potential to revolutionize the issuance of sustainability-linked financial instruments like bonds, and to generate new sources of increasingly vital climate, nature, and SDG-aligned finance. Blockchain can enhance transparency, reduce transaction costs, and increase trust by providing real-time verification of bond proceeds' use, ensuring funds are directed toward sustainable projects. This innovation could unlock greater investor confidence and scale up financing for climate action, green infrastructure, food systems, and our natural world. There is also a need for innovative partnerships. For instance, the Monetary Authority of Singapore and UNDP have launched two initiatives to generate digitally enabled credentials for businesses, one focused on enhancing the financial inclusion of underserved enterprises by creating universally trusted credentials and the other focused on unlocking new sources of green finance and allowing them to better track their sustainability targets. These efforts originated with the publication of whitepapers, which evolved into on the ground pilots to test these innovative frameworks in countries such as Cambodia, Indonesia, and Brazil, and understand how they can be best scaled. Indeed, stark gender disparities in access to and use of technology persist, with women 25 percent less likely than men to leverage digital tools.2Or consider bots, algorithms, and AI that can reinforce gender bias.3Addressing such pitfalls is a key aim of the Dialogue on Global Digital Finance Governance, which is exploring the intersection of “BigFintechs” and sustainable development.
The Pact for the Future, agreed by our global community, calls for greater support for developing countries to catalyze private sector investment in sustainable development through inclusive and innovative digital finance mechanisms. Sustainable Digital Finance advances this vital conversation by exploring the intersection of technology, policy, and people. As countries across the world now seek to bring the Global Digital Compact to life, it offers a roadmap to build fairer, more resilient digital financial systems, ensuring that the benefits of digital finance reach those who need them most. Supporting this effort will continue to be a priority for the UN family, including through UNDP and its dedicated Sustainable Finance Hub. Like compounding interest, actively shaping a sustainable digital finance ecosystem has the power to amplify benefits over time: transforming today’s investments into new opportunities for people and the planet today, and for the many generations to come.

The New Nexus: Sustainability, Digitalization, and Finance
Sustainable Digital Finance:​ Where We Are Now and Where We Need to Be3
Peterson  K.  Ozili
1 Introduction3
2 Related Literature4
3 Sustainable Digital Finance:​ Where We Are Now6
3.​1 Emerging Digitalisation Policies6
3.​2 Emerging Sustainability and Climate Change Policies7
3.​3 Emerging Digital Finance Policy Frameworks7
3.​4 Low Interest in Sustainable Digital Finance by Investors8
3.​5 Reluctance Towards Sustainable Digital Finance and the Rise of Green Washing9
3.​6 Growing Interest in Sustainable Digital Finance Information Among the Public9
4 Sustainable Digital Finance:​ Where We Need to Be10
4.​1 Greater Use of Digital Finance Tools to Promote Environmental Sustainability10
4.​2 More ESG-Compliant Digital Finance Laws and Regulations11
4.​3 Allow the Industry to Lead Sustainable Digital Finance Initiatives12
4.​4 Develop an All-Encompassing Sustainable Digital Finance Sandbox13
4.​5 Establish International Standards for Sustainable Digital Finance14
4.​6 Striking a Balance14
5 Conclusion15
References15
The Role of Blockchain and Governance in Africa’s Economic Development19
Bitange  Ndemo
1 Introduction19
2 Blockchain Technology and Its Potential Applications in Governance
3 Literature Review21
3.​1 Blockchain Technology and Governance Models in Africa21
3.​2 Blockchain Technology and Economic Development in Africa24
3.​3 Impact of Blockchain in Africa25
3.​4 Gaps and Areas for Further Research26
3.​5 Theoretical Framework26
3.​6 Innovation Diffusion Theory27
3.​7 Institutional Economic Theory28
3.​8 Blockchain, Institutions, and Uncertainty29
4 Methodology29
4.​1 Focus Group Methodology29
4.​2 Findings30
4.​3 Governance Frameworks and Regulatory Landscape32
4.​4 Case Study of South Africa’s Adoption of Land Registry Blockchain32
4.​5 Future Studies33
4.​6 Policy Recommendation33
5 Conclusion34
References35
Sustainable Digital Finance in Central Banking37
Ki  Young  Park, Hyuk  Jin  Haand Jaemin  Ryu
1 Introduction37
2 Climate Change and Central Banks39
2.​1 Should Central Banks Address Climate Risks?​39
2.​2 Intersection of Sustainable Digital Finance and Central Banks41
3 Central Banks’ Approaches for Green Finance Infrastructure42
3.​1 Project Genesis of BISIH and HKMA43
3.​2 CBDC Pilot Project of Korea to Include Carbon Credits Transactions45
4 Digital Finance and Financial Inclusion47
4.​1 Enhancing Cross-Border Payments49
4.​2 Expanding Digital Payment Services for Financial Inclusion51
5 Concluding Remarks54
References55
Why Financial Access Isn’t Enough59
Michael  Miebach
1 Introduction59
2 Challenges to Growing the Digital Economy60
3 The Birth of Community Pass61
4 With Digital IDs, Knowledge Is Power64
5 Don’t Skim over Digital Literacy66
6 Bringing It All Together67
References68
Rebound Effect and Sustainable Digital Finance69
1 Introduction311
2 Modern Money and the Political Economy of Payment Infrastructures313
2.​1 Credit Card Companies:​ Increasing Asymmetric Profits Through the Coupling of Credit and Payment314
2.​2 Gaining Profit and Control by Extracting Data from the Payment Process316
3 Varieties of Cashless-ness:​ Institutional Trajectories Toward Cashless Payments and Their Consequences on Inequality317
3.​1 Mobile Money in Sub-Saharan Africa:​ A Bottom-up Initiative317
3.​2 Financial Technology Meets Social Networks:​ How Super Apps Have Conquered Cashless Payments in Asia319
3.​3 State-Driven Systems:​ The Nation-State as a Central Payment Provider320
4 Conclusion321
References322

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