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1 Creativity and toil 1
2 Te mechanical arts: 19
3 Instrumental labour 37
4 Purposive labour 57
5 Philosophy and labour 79
6 Te philosophical negation of labour 91
7 Te philosophical afrmation of labour: Gyorg Lukács 117
8 Labour and capital 135
9 Beyond the labour theory of value 153。
Tis resource reasserts the signifcance of labour in economics and philosophy, both within and beyond the Marxist tradition. It explores how labour has been
neglected and misunderstood in Western thought, addressing its reductive
positioning in classical and biblical texts, its displacement during the scholastic
period and the Enlightenment, and its marginalization in modern political
economy and law. By doing so, it stresses labour’s foundational role and critiques its persistent displacement over time.
A contribution of this work is its comparative analysis of Heidegger and Lukács.
While Heidegger’s ontology prioritizes Being and excludes creativity and labour, we position labour as the vital site of creativity, drawing on Lukács’ integration of Aristotelian concepts of teleology and social praxis. Tis perspective not only challenges Heidegger’s appropriation of techne but also afrms the enduring relevance of Aristotelianism in Marx’s thought. Te impoverished conception of labour within the development of economics perpetuates its neglect, obscuring its true signifcance.
By revisiting the labour theory of value in light of technological transformation,
fnancialization, and the growing importance of consumption, this resource argues for the signifcance of labour in understanding the dynamics and conditions of the contemporary world.