英文文献：Working Paper 260 - Transforming Traditional Agriculture Redux-工作文件260 -改造传统农业成果
英文文献作者：M. Alston Julian,G. Pardey Philip
英文文献摘要：
In Transforming Traditional Agriculture T.W. Schultz (1964), envisioned a crucial role for investments in “nontraditional” inputs such as knowledge and education, and improvements in the quality of material inputs and people, to help shift agriculture to a firmer footing and capitalize on agriculture as an engine of economic growth. However, the patterns of agricultural change over the subsequent half century have been uneven.Around the world today can be found countries at every stage of the transition that is now largely complete in the high-income countries. Global agricultural production has been dominated for a long time by a short (but changing) list of relatively large and populous countries. In 2011–2013, just ten countries accounted for 55.7 percent of theworld’s cropland. The bulk of global crop production takes place in the temperate north (62.9 percent by value). Supply side factors affect the location of production, but demand matters too. Food commodities are predominantly produced close to where they will be consumed. Consequently, calories produced from staple crops as a share of each country’s calories produced from all crops has a visibly negative relationship withaverage per capita income—an Engel effect on the national agricultural output mix.

转变传统农业t。w。舒尔茨(1964),构想了一个关键角色等投资“非传统”输入的知识和教育,和改进质量的材料输入和人,帮助农业转移到一个更稳固的基础之上,利用农业作为经济增长的引擎。然而，在随后的半个世纪中，农业的变化模式是不平衡的。如今，在世界各地，高收入国家基本上已经完成了转型的每个阶段。在很长一段时间里，全球农业生产一直由一些相对较大和人口众多的国家所主导(但这些国家的数量不多，但在不断变化)。2011-2013年，只有10个国家的耕地占世界的55.7%。全球大部分农作物生产发生在温带的北部地区(价值占62.9%)。供应方面的因素会影响生产地点，但需求也很重要。粮食商品主要在接近消费地点的地方生产。因此，主要作物产生的热量在每个国家所有作物产生的热量中所占的比例与人均收入有明显的负相关——这是对国家农业产出组合的恩格尔效应。