英文文献：The Zollverein and the Formation of a Customs Union
英文文献作者：Florian Ploeckl
英文文献摘要：
The Zollverein, a customs union, of 1834 was the outcome of sequential accession negotiations between Prussia and other German states. This paper applies a bargaining model to analyse the choices of negotiation structure and institutional form of a customs union. The existence of negative coalition externalities, the effect of a new coalition on non-participants, led the agenda setter, Prussia, to choose sequential over multilateral negotiations. Institutionally a customs union structure provided a higher payoff for the agenda setter than capturing the welfare gains from the differential tariff setting in a free trade agreement, explaining the choice of a customs union.