Contents
1 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................. 1
1 Motivation .............................................................................................. 2
2 Framework of Analysis .......................................................................... 2
3 Co-opetition, Coevolution, and Co-specialization
(C3) and Creative Destruction ............................................................... 3
3.1 Transitioning from an Ecosystem to the
Next Through Co-opetition, Coevolution,
and Co-specialization (C3) ............................................................ 4
4 Strategic Knowledge Arbitrage and Serendipity (SKARSETM)
as Drivers of Real Options ..................................................................... 6
4.1 Real-Options Analysis Versus “Traditional”
Valuation Methods ......................................................................... 6
4.2 Real Options and Schumpeter’s Creative Destruction .................. 7
5 The Cognition Spiral and Strategic Themes Viewed
Through the Option Lens ....................................................................... 9
6 Summary of the Conceptual Framework ............................................... 12
7 Empirical Findings ................................................................................. 12
8 Contribution to the Literature ................................................................ 14
9 Book Structure ....................................................................................... 14
2 Literature Review ...................................................................................... 15
1 A Review of the Theory of Decision Making ........................................ 15
1.1 The Bounded Rationality Model ................................................... 15
1.2 The Incrementalist View ............................................................... 16
1.3 The Organizational Procedure View ............................................. 16
1.4 The Garbage Can Model ............................................................... 16
1.5 The Individual Differences Perspective ........................................ 17
1.6 Naturalistic Decision-Making Perspective .................................... 17
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1.7 The Multiple Perspectives Approach ............................................ 17
1.8 The Effect of Speed on Decision Making ..................................... 17
1.9 Conclusion .................................................................................... 18
2 Growth of the Firm ................................................................................ 18
2.1 The Resource-Based View of the Firm ......................................... 18
2.2 Technology-Driven Firm Growth.................................................. 19
2.3 Conclusion .................................................................................... 19
3 Innovation .............................................................................................. 19
3.1 Incremental, Generational, Radical,
and Architectural Innovation ......................................................... 19
3.2 Creativity and Innovation .............................................................. 21
3.3 Heterogeneity, Diversity, and Innovation ...................................... 23
3.4 Conclusion .................................................................................... 23
4 A Review of Options Theory ................................................................. 24
4.1 Financial Options .......................................................................... 24
4.2 Overview of Real Options ............................................................. 25
4.3 Overview Real Options and Strategic Investments ....................... 27
4.4 Real Options in Entrepreneurship ................................................. 28
4.5 Real Options in Innovation and R&D ........................................... 30
4.6 Real Options in the International Development of Firms ............. 31
4.7 Real Options in Merger and Acquisitions
and Restructuration of Firms ......................................................... 32
4.8 Organizational Strategy and Real Options .................................... 33
5 Innovation Networks and Knowledge Clusters ...................................... 34
5.1 Knowledge Creation Within the Firm ........................................... 34
5.2 Knowledge Creation Across Firms ............................................... 35
5.3 Knowledge Creation Across Clusters ........................................... 35
5.4 Toward a Mode 3 Ecosystem ........................................................ 36
5.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 36
6 Strategic Knowledge Arbitrage and Serendipity (SKARSETM) ............. 37
6.1 Definition of Terms ....................................................................... 37
6.2 Leveraging SKARSETM for Real Options ..................................... 38
6.3 Conclusion .................................................................................... 38
7 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 38
3 Findings ....................................................................................................... 39
1 Survey Analysis ..................................................................................... 39
1.1 Overview of the Survey Respondents ........................................... 39
1.2 Hypotheses Analysis ..................................................................... 40
2 Interview Analysis ................................................................................. 44
2.1 Interview Participants’ Profile ...................................................... 44
2.2 Interview Findings ........................................................................ 44
3 Simulation Analysis ............................................................................... 46
3.1 Graphical Analysis ........................................................................ 46
3.2 Statistical Analysis ........................................................................ 48
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3.3 Summary ....................................................................................... 49
4 Validity, Reliability, and Generalizability of the Work .......................... 51
4 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 53
1 Value Proposition (So What?) ................................................................ 54
1.1 Contribution to the Theory ............................................................ 54
1.2 Contribution to the Empirical Research ........................................ 54
1.3 Implications for Policy Makers, Academic
Scholars, and Expert Practitioners ................................................. 55
2 Future Research ..................................................................................... 56
2.1 Increased Wealth of Empirical Data ............................................. 56
2.2 Refined Conceptual Framework .................................................... 56
3 Impact of the Financial Crisis on the Topic ........................................... 57
Glossary ............................................................................................................ 59
References ......................................................................................................... 61
Annex I Bibliography on Real Options
and Strategic Decision Making .................................................. 67
Annex II List of Survey Questions ............................................................. 85
Annex III List of Interview Topics .............................................................. 89