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2007-11-16
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">阿罗简介</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br/></span></b><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">肯尼斯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">·</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">阿罗(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Kenneth J. Arrow, 1921-  </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)是美国著名数理经济学家,因在<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>一般均衡</u></b>理论方面的突出贡献与约翰</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">·R·</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">希克斯共同荣获</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1972</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年诺贝尔经济学奖。除了在一般均衡领域的成就之外,阿罗还在风险决策、组织经济学、信息经济学、福利经济学和政治民主理论方面进行了创造性的工作。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><b><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">阿罗不可能定理(</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Arrow's Impossibility Theorem</span></b><b><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1951</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年,阿罗出版了他的研究社会理论的重要著作《社会选择和个人价值》,采用数学的公理化方法对通行的投票选举方式能否保证产生出合乎大多数人意愿的领导者或者说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">将每个个体表达的先后次序综合成整个群体的偏好次序</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">进行了研究。结果,他得出了一个惊人的结论:绝大多数情况下是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">——</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">不可能的!更准确的表达则是:当至少有三名候选人和两位选民时,不存在满足阿罗公理的选举规则。或者也可以说是:随着候选人和选民的增加,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">程序民主</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">必将越来越远离</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">实质民主</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">阿罗不可能定理源自孔多塞的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">投票悖论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,早在十八世纪法国思想家孔多赛就提出了著名的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">投票悖论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">:假设甲乙丙三人,面对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ABC</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">三个备选方案,有如图的偏好排序。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">甲(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">a </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> b </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> c</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <span lang="EN-US"><br/><br/></span></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">乙(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">b </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> c </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> a</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">丙(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">c </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> a </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> b</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">注:甲(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">a </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> b </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> c</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)代表</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">——</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">甲偏好</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">a</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">胜于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">b</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,又偏好</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">b</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">胜于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">c</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">若取</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“a”</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“b”</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">对决,那么按照偏好次序排列如下:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">甲(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">a </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> b </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">乙(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">b </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> a </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">丙(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">a </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> b </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">社会次序偏好为(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">a </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> b </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">若取</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“b”</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“c”</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">对决,那么按照偏好次序排列如下:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">甲(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">b </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> c </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">乙(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">b </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> c </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">丙(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">c </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> b </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">社会次序偏好为(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">b </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> c </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">若取</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“a”</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“c”</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">对决,那么按照偏好次序排列如下:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">甲(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">a </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> c </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">乙(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">c </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> a </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">丙(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">c </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> a </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">社会次序偏好为(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">c </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> a </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                        <br/><br/></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">于是我们得到三个社会偏好次序</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">——</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">a </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> b </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)、(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">b </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> c </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)、(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">c </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">></span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> a </span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">),其投票结果显示</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">社会偏好</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">有如下事实:社会偏好</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">a</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">胜于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">b</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">、偏好</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">b</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">胜于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">c</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">、偏好</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">c</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">胜于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">a</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。显而易见,这种所谓的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">社会偏好次序</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">包含有内在的矛盾,即社会偏好</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">a</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">胜于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">c,</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">而又认为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">a</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">不如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">c</span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">!所以按照投票的大多数规则,不能得出合理的社会偏好次序。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p> </p></span></b></p>
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2007-11-16 11:20:00

倒是看懂了,可是感觉有点太虚,有没有实际中的案例来辅助说明一下呢?

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2007-11-16 20:43:00
这不就是书上的么?
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2007-11-16 22:12:00

我喜欢的一个经济学家,佩服中!

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2007-11-17 23:52:00
支持樓主,好長時間沒看到了
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2007-11-18 13:26:00
辛苦啦
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