At Sochi 2014, athletes’ nationality is pliable（可塑的） By Dave Sheinin February 17, 2014 Washington Post
SOCHI, Russia — When South Korean short-track speedskater and three-time Olympic gold medalist Ahn Hyun-soo had a falling out（争吵，分手） with the officials running his team four years ago, he did what high-profile, long-tenured（tenure是任期的意思。比如大学教师的长期聘用等） athletes in other professional sports have been doing for decades: He picked a new team, Russia.
Now, newly self-christened（christen是命名、洗礼的意思） as Viktor Ahn, he has returned to the top of his sport at the 2014 Sochi Winter Games, seizing control（掌握主导权，注定用法） of the men’s 1,000 meters late in the race Saturday and taking the gold medal, Russia’s first ever in short-track. When the race was over, Ahn, 28, thrust his fist in the air, grabbed a Russian flag and skated around the Iceberg Skating Palace to chants of “Vik-tor! Vik-tor!” from the crowd. （v,v+v的句式）
“Of course, I’m happy,” Ahn said later. “It’s my first Olympics in my home country.”
Even under the passport-swapping（swap是交换的意思，真人秀Project Runaway里，Heidi会问获胜的设计师要不要换自己的model，用的就是swap） norms of the Olympic movement, in which athletes have been competing for countries other than their original ones for decades, Ahn’s gambit（开局、开场白） is an extreme case, coming closer to something approximating international free agency.
The Olympics have a long tradition of athletes using familial ties or liberal naturalization policies to change their citizenship, often for the purpose of earning a chance to compete when they weren’t good enough to make their own country’s team. In other cases, richer nations have recruited athletes from poorer ones — such as Bahrain importing Kenyan distance runners — to compete for them for purposes of national prestige.
But Ahn, who had no ties to Russia before his switch, may be the first athlete, or at least the highest-profile（高调的，引人注目的） one, to detach himself from his own country, announce his availability and solicit（征求，索要，~ sth (from sb).~ (sb) (for sth)） offers until he found one that best suited him.
Ahn became one of the most celebrated（杰出的、著名的） athletes in South Korea after winning three golds and a bronze at the 2006 Turin Games. But he suffered a major knee injury in 2008, and while he recovered in time to begin competing again in 2010, South Korea left him off its 2010 Vancouver Olympic team. Ahn was so upset he decided to renounce his citizenship and with the help of his father began investigating potential landing spots and listening to sales pitches（推销） of different countries.
Among them was the United States, which, with its relatively small budget for speedskating and relatively rigorous（严格的） citizenship requirements, couldn’t compete with Russia’s offer. No one will say how much financial enticement（诱惑） Russia ultimately provided, or to what extent that played into Ahn’s choice, but it was part of the conversation.
“I invited Ahn and his father to visit Russia,” Russian speedskating head Alexei Kravstov told Reuters last year. “When they came it didn’t take long for us to come to an agreement.”
Ahn, who wears his hair dyed a neon orangeish-red, has said he took the name Viktor both to connote（暗示） victory and to honor Viktor Tsoi, a Soviet rock pioneer who was also of Korean descent. Otherwise, he has said little about his move from his homeland to his adopted one, other than generalities. （这句我的理解是，除了大众了解的之外，他几乎没怎么解释自己从祖国移民的这一举动。）
“Russia offered me the best conditions from all possible options,” he said after his gold medal-winning race Saturday. “I came here as I needed a good atmosphere to train in calmly , and I found it here.”
Passport swappers more prevalent（普遍的，流行的）
They are referred to as “passport Olympians” or “Olympic carpetbaggers,” and it is a tradition that dates back at least as far back as the 1920s, when Britain fielded ice hockey teams made up largely of Canadians. In 1936, the British won the gold medal with a team on which nine of the 13 players grew up in Canada.
But in Sochi 2014, the passport-swappers are by some accounts（据有关统计显示，据有关人士说明） more prevalent than ever.
The International Olympic Committee charter states only that athletes must be citizens of the country they represent; individual sports federations are able to set their own standards for citizenship changes beyond that. Some sports bar athletes from changing countries once they have already competed for one. Others are more relaxed, perhaps most notably figure skating, which, for example, has a provision（条款） that only one member of a pairs or ice-dancing team be a citizen of the country they are competing for.
There are American figure skaters and ice dancers competing here for Brazil (Isadora Williams, who trains in Ashburn and whose mother is Brazilian) and Lithuania (Isabella Tobias, who is from New York City), among other countries. (The citizenship swapping works in the opposite direction as well, as when Canadian-born ice dancer Tanith Belbin got an expedited（加快的） path to citizenship in time to compete and win a silver medal for the United States in the 2006 Turin Games.)
There are African and tropical-island nations where snow has never fallen that sent athletes to Sochi to compete in skiing events, many of them spurred to do so by the IOC, which two years ago began encouraging such non-traditional Winter Olympics countries to consider fielding teams — which, in turn, meant finding athletes to represent them.
“They don’t live in Togo,” Kelani Bayor, vice president of the Togo Olympic Committee, said of his country’s two-athlete delegation (skiers originally from France and Italy), “but they are part of the diaspora.”（移民社群）
In sports in which one country is dominant — and thus, spots on that country’s Olympic team are scarce — lesser competitors frequently find another country to play for. In the 2008 Beijing Games, for example, the United States fielded a table tennis team that included four players who were born in China.
Individual wealth, motivation and at least some talent also can help. Gary and Angelica di Silvestri, husband-and-wife cross-country skiers from Staten Island, N.Y., and Italy, respectively, were granted citizenship by Dominica — an island nation in the Lesser Antilles（加勒比海的小安的列斯群岛） — on the basis of their unspecified “philanthropic（慈善的。这个词，The Avengers里面，钢铁侠和美国队长吵架的时候 ，队长说，脱下这身行头，你算什么？结果Tony Stark回答，Genius. Billionaire. Playboy. Philanthropist.） activities,” and came to Sochi to compete.
Unfortunately, Gary di Silvestri, a hedge-fund（对冲基金） manager, developed bacterial gastroenteritis（细菌性肠胃炎） within days of their arrival in Sochi and failed to finish his race. Angelica crashed during a training run and broke her nose badly enough to require hospitalization, forcing her to withdraw from hers.
Pushback may already have begun
The difference between most of those athletes and Ahn, however, is that they typically are not medal threats, whereas he may be the best short-track speedskater in the world. In that sense, Ahn may be a new type of mercenary（雇佣兵） the likes of which the Olympics haven’t seen.
It is common for countries to recruit athletes with financial incentives into switching countries, as when Qatar paid eight Bulgarian weightlifters a reported $1 million apiece（每人） to compete for it in the 2000 Sydney Olympics.
But Ahn may be the first case of an athlete being the impetus（推动） for such a bold, calculated transaction.
Perhaps someday Ahn will be seen as the Curt Flood（某美国棒球运动员，貌似把东家告上法庭自己选择新俱乐部） of the Olympics, the man whose actions spurred an era of free agency.（从spur往后的这一组都很美好，大家可以记下） Then again, the Olympics may not be ready for that. The pushback against Ahn’s move has already begun. In South Korea, President Park Geun-hye has ordered the country’s sports ministry to answer for why Ahn felt ostracized（ostracize，放逐。ostracean是牡蛎的意思） to the point that he decided to leave.
“We must ask ourselves if his problem was not due to the unreasonableness on our sports community,” she said last week.
At the same time, there is an even more bold-faced, more highly evolved mercenary movement in evidence at the Sochi Games. Fuahea Semi, a 26-year-old luger（手枪比赛运动员） from Tonga, was recruited last year by German interests who insisted as part of the financial deal that he change his name.
And thus did the former Semi compete in the Sochi Olympics luge competition, still representing Tonga and finishing 32nd in men’s singles, as Bruno Banani — the name of a German underwear company.
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