英文文献：Urbanization and its Effects on Urban Fringe land Uses in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria-尼日利亚比宁凯比的城市化及其对城市边缘土地利用的影响
英文文献作者：Daniel Dabara,Ikempe Ankeli,Anthony Tinufu
英文文献摘要：
This research work examined the effects of urbanization on urban fringes in Birnin Kebbi metropolis Nigeria. A survey was carried out using a questionnaire and oral interview. One set of questionnaire was designed and administered for the collection of primary data used for the study. The questionnaire was administered on the household heads in the urban fringes. Likert scale, urban growth rate formula and Landsat imagery were used to analyze the primary data collected for the determination of the causes and effects of urbanization on urban fringes. Investigation indicated that the study area experienced urban expansion and this has affected the urban fringes. The effects are among others, the reduction in urban farm activities, increase in the cost of infrastructural development and transportation cost. Provision of cost-effective transportation to ease the problems of commuters, establishment of pragmatic institutions that will see to the effective land use control and management at the urban centres and peri-urban area, effective crime control mechanism at both urban centres and fringe areas so as to discourage the use of urban fringes as hideout for criminals are among the recommendations made in this research work.

这项研究工作考察了城市化对尼日利亚大都市Birnin Kebbi城市边缘的影响。采用问卷调查和口头访谈的方式进行调查。设计并管理了一套调查问卷来收集研究中使用的原始数据。调查表是对城市边缘地区的户主进行的。利用李克特量表、城市增长率公式和Landsat影像对收集到的原始数据进行分析，确定城市化对城市边缘的原因和影响。调查表明，研究区经历了城市扩张，影响了城市边缘。其影响除其他外，包括城市农场活动的减少、基础设施发展的费用和运输费用的增加。提供具有成本效益的运输,以缓解乘客的问题,建立务实的机构,将有效的土地使用控制和管理在城市中心和城市周边区域,有效的控制犯罪机制在城市中心和边缘地区,以阻止城市边缘的使用作为罪犯的藏身之处是研究工作的建议。