英文文献：“Stop Work” And The Failure Of Planning In Ghana-“停止工作”和加纳计划的失败
英文文献作者：Wilfred Anim-Odame
英文文献摘要：
Ghana requires an efficient and effective land use management and planning system for the sustainable growth of its cities and towns and also to address its rapid urbanization challenges. Total population more than doubled between 1984 and 2013 whilst urban population growth peaks at 4.4% annually. Accompanied by unplanned spatial expansion, the trend has spurred urban centres such as Accra, Kumasi, Takoradi, Koforidua as well as other regional towns to develop into big urban “villages”.Urban housing in Ghana is significantly characterized as informal and unplanned. About 90% of housing in urban Ghana is built without statutory planning control (UN-habitat, 2012). Developments generally precede planning to account for a large stock of unauthorized houses, the focus of this research.Institutions established to manage and regulate developments have failed. The paper employs a descriptive analysis from an inventory of developments in Accra to show the inefficiencies of Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies in the country. It concludes that institutional failures in urban planning and development do not only account for limited and unequal access to basic urban services but also a disincentive to mobilize real estate related revenue. An urgent intervention is therefore required to promote effective and efficient urban land administration and management.

加纳需要一个高效和有效的土地使用管理和规划系统，以实现其城镇的可持续增长，并应对其快速城市化的挑战。从1984年到2013年，中国总人口增长了一倍多，而城市人口增长率达到了每年4.4%的峰值。伴随着无计划的空间扩张，这一趋势促使诸如阿克拉、库马西、塔克拉迪、科福里杜瓦等城市中心以及其他地区城镇发展成为大型城市“村庄”。加纳城市住房的显著特点是非正式和无规划。加纳城市约90%的住房是在没有法定规划控制的情况下建造的(联合国人居署，2012年)。发展通常先于规划，以解释大量的未经授权的房屋存量，这是本研究的重点。为管理和监管发展而建立的机构失败了。本文从阿克拉的发展清单中采用了描述性分析，以显示该国都市、市政和地区议会的效率低下。结论是，城市规划和发展中的制度失灵不仅导致城市基本服务的有限和不平等，而且阻碍了房地产相关收入的调动。因此，需要采取紧急措施促进有效和高效率的城市土地行政和管理。