英文文献：Youth Access To Agricultural Under The Customary Transfer Mechanisms In The Techiman Traditional Area In Ghana; Preliminary Findings-在加纳的Techiman传统地区，青年在习惯转移机制下获得农业;初步研究结果
英文文献作者：Joseph Kwaku Kidido
英文文献摘要：
Youth constitute an important human capital needed for economic growth and development. In Ghana, where agriculture remains a key sector in the national economic development, youth access to agricultural land is crucial towards harnessing their potentials whiles also securing future food security. Very little has been done in the research arena on youth land access in Ghana. This study assesses youth access to agricultural land under customary land transfer arrangements. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select youth and household heads as respondents for this study. The study covered both peri-urban and rural communities in the Techiman traditional area. The preliminary results from the study show that majority of indigenous youth access agricultural land on license basis from their households whiles the migrant youth access land through rentals, sharecropping system and a small number on license basis. Though the youth generally feel secure in their landholdings, for the indigenous youth family heads and extended family members are great source of insecurity especially after the death of their parents or when their land becomes ripe for residential land use in the peri-urban areas. Provision of consideration either in kind or monetary was found to be an essential requirement in land transfer under customary system. Due to the matrilineal customary practices prevailing in the area, gift of land by fathers to their children is only secure when consideration is provided by the recipients in the presence of witnesses. The study also identified competition from the residential developers in the peri-urban areas, high rental cost, lack of resources, small land holdings and land scarcity occasioned by occupation by the senior lineage members and tenants as the major challenges to youth land access and holdings. It is recommended that, more education be carried out on the provisions of Intestate Succession Law to let the youth know the law and benefit from it in terms of being able to inherit their parents’ lands.

青年是经济增长和发展所需要的重要人力资本。在加纳，农业仍然是国家经济发展的一个关键部门，青年获得农业土地对发挥他们的潜力至关重要，同时也确保未来的粮食安全。在加纳青年获得土地的研究领域中，所做的工作很少。这项研究评估了在传统土地转让安排下青年获得农业用地的机会。本研究采用多阶段随机抽样技术，选取青年和户主作为调查对象。这项研究涵盖了特奇曼传统地区的城市边缘和农村社区。研究的初步结果显示，大多数土著青年通过许可从其家庭获得农业用地，而移民青年通过租赁、佃农制度获得土地，少数人通过许可获得土地。虽然青年一般对自己拥有的土地感到安全，但对土著青年来说，户主和大家庭成员是不安全的主要来源，特别是在父母去世或他们的土地在城郊地区适于居住的时候。在习惯制度下，提供实物或货币的考虑是土地转让的一项基本要求。由于该地区盛行的母系习俗，父亲将土地赠给子女只有在受益人有证人在场的情况下才有保障。研究亦发现，都市边缘地区住宅发展商的竞争、高昂的租金、缺乏资源、拥有的土地不多，以及年长家族成员和租客占用土地造成的土地短缺，是年轻人获得土地和拥有土地的主要挑战。建议加强对《无遗嘱继承法》规定的教育，让青少年了解法律并从中受益，使其能够继承父母的土地。