顶一下

后两种是一样的，panel data是经济学上的习惯叫法而已

第一、二种呢？

survey data一般是用一小组数据代表一个区域的population, 具体的我也不是太懂。如果你能理解pweight的含义的话，可以从那个角度思考一下。
cross-sectional应该也是经济学里的叫法吧，我的理解就是一般的independent sample,不知道对不对。

survey data 主要是根据数据收集方法来定义（比如说， 相对于实验数据（experimental data)). 它可以是CROSS SECTIONAL, 也就是说，对于每个个体来说， 只观察一次（Data collected at one point of time), 也可以是LONGITUDINAL， 也就是说，对于每个个体来说， 观察， 或者数据收集有好几次（在不同的时间点）。

A data set containing observations on multiple phenomena observed over multiple time periods is called panel data. Panel data has two-dimensions. One dimension is the observed value. The other dimension can be time, as in the case of longitudinal data, or, can be other elements of interest, as in the case of a certain grouping factor.

So, survey data can be cross sectional, longitudinal, or panel.
Cross sectional can be survey data, or experimental. It can also be panel, if/when there is a grouping factor.
Longitudinal data can be from survey, or experiment. It is at the same time panel data since time constitutes a second dimension.
Panel data can be from survey or experiment. It is not necessarily longitudinal. It can also be cross sectional.