英文文献：PhD by Publication as an Argument for Innovation and Technology Transfer: with Emphasis on Africa-《为创新和技术转移而争论:以非洲为重点》
英文文献作者：Simplice Asongu,Jacinta C. Nwachukwu
英文文献摘要：
The contribution of African researchers to knowledge by means of scientific publications is low compared to other regions of the world. This paper presents an argument in favour of PhD by Publication as a tool for innovation and technology transfer. Building on the literature on the key role of a knowledge economy in 21st century development and catch-up processes, we argue that: (i) in order for PhD dissertations to be more useful to society, they should be harmonised with scientific publications which centre on improving the design and quality of existing and new products in developing countries. (ii) Obtaining a doctorate degree should not simply be reduced to a change in candidate’s title as is often the case with a traditional thesis. (iii) The PhD by Publication is a more effective route to ensuring that the contribution to knowledge is widely disseminated. The conceptual framework consists primarily of the clarification of the models of PhD by Publication and the linkages between the doctoral education, innovation, technology transfer and development catch-up. Implications for scientific research policies in the light of contemporary challenges to African development are discussed.

与世界其他地区相比，非洲科学家通过科学出版物对知识的贡献很低。本文提出了通过发表博士论文作为创新和技术转移工具的观点。基于文献的关键作用在21世纪知识经济发展和赶超过程,我们认为:(i)为了让博士论文对社会更有用,他们应该统一的科学出版物中心改善现有的和新产品的设计和质量在发展中国家。(二)获得博士学位不应该像传统论文那样，简单地通过改变题目来获得。(三)博士论文出版是确保对知识的贡献得到广泛传播的更有效途径。概念框架主要包括厘清博士论文发表模式，以及博士教育、创新、技术转移和发展追赶之间的联系。讨论了当代非洲发展面临的挑战对科学研究政策的影响。