However, health outcomes in both studies were limited to blood alcohol levels, or to alcohol-attributable mental health conditions such as intoxication, dependence and abuse. These form the minority of alcohol-attributable conditions for which young people are admitted, unintentional and intentional injuries being the most common causes in both males (66%) and females (59%).

In addition, the Australia-wide study did not apply time series techniques to adjust for underlying secular trends.17

Two further studies included a wider range of alcohol-related harms, including trauma and used interrupted time series to adjust for seasonal and secular trends.

Two further studies included a wider range of alcohol-related harms, including trauma and used interrupted time series to adjust for seasonal and secular trends.

Both found no change in either ED presentations or hospital admissions.

However, they also had limitations. One was confined to the Gold Coast, a popular tourist destination in Queensland for end-of-school celebrations, which may affect generalisability to elsewhere in Australia or overseas.

The other used a more representative sample from wider Queensland, including all hospital admissions in the state, as identified by both hospital administrative data and the Queensland Trauma Registry, but only covered 29% of the jurisdiction's EDs.

http://libgen.io/get.php?md5=43544a69c306351e90114c2c7fa2335f

intentional injuries

Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health

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Rosenbaum (2005) proposed the crossmatch test for two-sample goodness-of-fit testing in arbitrary dimensions. We prove that the test is consistent against all fixed alternatives. In the process, we develop a general consistency result based on (Henze & Penrose, 1999) that applies more generally

We discuss the possibilities and limitations of estimating the mean of a real-valued random variable from independent and identically distributed observations from a non-asymptotic point of view. In particular, we define estimators with a sub-Gaussian behavior even for certain heavy-tailed distributions. We also prove various impossibility results for mean estimators.

Generalized Word Length Pattern (GWLP) is an important and widely-used tool for comparing fractional factorial designs. We consider qualitative factors, and we code their levels using the roots of the unity. We write the GWLP of a fraction ${\mathcal F}$ using the polynomial indicator function, whose coefficients encode many properties of the fraction. We show that the coefficient of a simple or interaction term can be written using the counts of its levels. This apparently simple remark leads to major consequence, including a convolution formula for the counts. We also show that the mean aberration of a term over the permutation of its levels provides a connection with the variance of the level counts. Moreover, using mean aberrations for symmetric $s^m$ designs with $s$ prime, we derive a new formula for computing the GWLP of ${\mathcal F}$. It is computationally easy, does not use complex numbers and also provides a clear way to interpret the GWLP. As case studies, we consider non-isomorphic orthogonal arrays that have the same GWLP. The different distributions of the mean aberrations suggest that they could be used as a further tool to discriminate between fractions.

We present sufficient conditions for topological stability of continuous functions $f:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ having finitely many local extrema with respect to averagings by discrete measures with finite supports.

Phylogenetic networks are necessary to represent the tree of life expanded by edges to represent events such as horizontal gene transfers, hybridizations or gene flow. Not all species follow the paradigm of vertical inheritance of their genetic material. While a great deal of research has flourished into the inference of phylogenetic trees, statistical methods to infer phylogenetic networks are still limited and under development. The main disadvantage of existing methods is a lack of scalability. Here, we present a statistical method to infer phylogenetic networks from multi-locus genetic data in a pseudolikelihood framework. Our model accounts for incomplete lineage sorting through the coalescent model, and for horizontal inheritance of genes through reticulation nodes in the network. Computation of the pseudolikelihood is fast and simple, and it avoids the burdensome calculation of the full likelihood which can be intractable with many species. Moreover, estimation at the quartet-level has the added computational benefit that it is easily parallelizable. Simulation studies comparing our method to a full likelihood approach show that our pseudolikelihood approach is much faster without compromising accuracy. We applied our method to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships among swordtails and platyfishes ($Xiphophorus$: Poeciliidae), which is characterized by widespread hybridizations.

For a sample of $n$ independent identically distributed $p$-dimensional centered random vectors with covariance matrix $\mathbf{\Sigma}_n$ let $\tilde{\mathbf{S}}_n$ denote the usual sample covariance (centered by the mean) and $\mathbf{S}_n$ the non-centered sample covariance matrix (i.e. the matrix of second moment estimates), where $p> n$. In this paper, we provide the limiting spectral distribution and central limit theorem for linear spectral statistics of the Moore-Penrose inverse of $\mathbf{S}_n$ and $\tilde{\mathbf{S}}_n$. We consider the large dimensional asymptotics when the number of variables $p\rightarrow\infty$ and the sample size $n\rightarrow\infty$ such that $p/n\rightarrow c\in (1, +\infty)$. We present a Marchenko-Pastur law for both types of matrices, which shows that the limiting spectral distributions for both sample covariance matrices are the same. On the other hand, we demonstrate that the asymptotic distribution of linear spectral statistics of the Moore-Penrose inverse of $\tilde{\mathbf{S}}_n$ differs in the mean from that of $\mathbf{S}_n$.

Trends and socioeconomic disparities in preadolescent's health in the UK: evidence from two birth cohorts 32 years apart

Background Compared to children and adults, little is known about changes in adolescent health over time. This study profiles the health of preadolescents in two distinct time periods, 1980 and 2012.

Methods Secondary analysis of the British Cohort Study and the Millennium Cohort Study for preadolescents mostly aged between 10 and 11.5 years (range 9.75–13 years). The prevalence/average of, and socioeconomic gradients in, the following were compared between 1980 and 2012; general health problems, anthropometrics, allergic conditions, infectious diseases, health service use, smoking and parental smoking behaviour and maternal adiposity. Socioeconomic status was measured by familial income (3 groups).

Results There were decreases in the proportion of hospital admissions (Δ=−0.10(−0.09:−0.11)) smoking (Δ=−0.12(−0.11:−0.13)), parental smoking (mother: (Δ=−0.19(−0.18:−0.21)) father: (Δ=−0.35(−0.34:−0.37), infectious diseases (measles: (Δ=−0.46(−0.45:−0.47)) whooping cough: (Δ=−0.07(−0.06:−0.07)) and hearing problems (Δ=−0.04(−0.03:−0.05)). There were no changes in limiting long-standing illness (Δ=0.00 (−0.00:0.00)), or the proportion of children having two or more accidents requiring medical attention (Δ=−0.02(−0.00:−0.02)). There were increases in the proportion overweight (Δ=0.18(0.17:0.19)), maternal overweight(Δ=0.22(0.21:0.23)) and obesity(Δ=0.12(0.11:0.13)), height for age(Δ=0.47(0.44:0.49)), weight for age (Δ=0.68(0.65:0.71)), proportion reporting chicken pox (Δ=0.28(0.27:0.29)), allergic conditions (eczema Δ=0.19(0.18:0.20)), asthma Δ=0.12(0.11:0.13), hay fever Δ=0.15(0.14:0.16)) and wearing glasses (Δ=0.08(0.07:0.09)). There were increases in socioeconomic gradients for limiting long-standing illness, smoking, overweight, weight for age, height for age, wearing glasses, asthma and the onset of puberty.

Conclusions There have been reductions in infectious diseases and tobacco exposure among British preadolescents, but overweight and allergic conditions have risen dramatically. Children from deprived families have benefitted least from improvements in health status, and have experienced the largest increases in health risks.

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