国际财务报告准则(中英文)_中国会计准则与国际财务报告准则的比较
国际财务报告准则(中英文对照)
International Financial Reporting Standards
国际财务报告准则(摘录部分,仅供学习英文使用)
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are Standards, Interpretations and the Framework adopted by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).
国际财务报告准则(简称IFRS),是指由国际会计准则理事会(IASB)制定它准则、解释公告及框架。
Many of the standards forming part of IFRS are known by the older name of International Accounting Standards (IAS). IAS were issued between 1973 and 2001 by the Board of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). On 1 April 2001, the new IASB took over from the IASC the responsibility for setting International Accounting Standards. During its first meeting the new Board adopted existing IAS and SICs. The IASB has continued to develop standards calling the new standards IFRS.
许多现行IFRS体系中的准则以其旧称“国际会计准则(IAS)”而广为人知。IAS由国际会计准则委员会(IASC)于1973至2001年间颁布。2001年4月,新成立的IASB接替IASC制定国际会计准则。在IASB第一次会议期间,新的理事会保留了此前颁布的IAS和SIC。IASB继续修订新准则,统称为IFRS。
Contents 目录
* Structure of IFRS IFRS架构
* Framework 体系框架
* Objective of financial statements 财务报告目标
* Underlying assumptions 基本假设
* Qualitative characteristics of financial statements 财务报告质量特性
* Elements of financial statements 财务报告要素
* Recognition of elements of financial statements 财务报告要素的确认
* Measurement of the Elements of Financial Statements 财务报告要素的计量
* Concepts of Capital and Capital Maintenance 概念:资本及资本保全
* Concepts of Capital 概念:资本
* Concepts of Capital Maintenance and the Determination of Profit
概念:资本保全及利润确定
Structure of IFRS IFRS架构
IFRS are considered a "principles based" set of standards in that they establish broad rules as well as dictating specific treatments.
国际财务报告准则是一系列“原则导向型”的准则,仅规定了宽泛的规则和实务处理的指引。
International Financial Reporting Standards comprise:
国际财务报告准则包括:
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) - standards issued after 2001
《国际财务报告准则》——2001年以后发布的准则
International Accounting Standards (IAS) - standards issued before 2001
《国际会计准则》——2001年以前发布的准则
Interpretations originated from the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) - issued after 2001
《国际财务报告解释委员会解释公告》——2001年后发布
Standing Interpretations Committee (SIC) - issued before 2001
《常设解释委员会解释公告》——2001年以后发布
Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements
《财务报表编制与列报框架》
Framework 体系框架
The Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements states basic principles for IFRS.
《财务报表编制及列报框架》阐述了IFRS的基本原则。
Underlying assumptions 基本假设
The underlying assumptions used in IFRS are: IFRS使用的基本(会计)假设如下:
Accrual basis - the effect of transactions and other events are recognized when they occur, not as cash is gained or paid.
权责发生制 - 交易及事项得于发生而非发生现金收付之时点确认;
Going concern - an entity will continue for the foreseeable future.
持续经营- 财务报表须以“经济实体于可预见的未来期间内持续经营”
Qualitative characteristics of financial statements财务报表质量特性
Qualitative characteristics of financial statements include:
《框架》将财务报表的质量特性表述为:
Understandability可理解性
Reliability相关性
Comparability可靠性
Relevance可比性
Elements of financial statements 财务报表要素
The elements include: 要素为:
1. Asset: An asset is a resource controlled by the enterprise as a result of past events from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the enterprise.
资产 - 过去的事项形成的、并由经济实体控制的,预期能够为该主体带来未来经济利益流入的资源;
2. Liability: A liability is a present obligation of the enterprise arising from the past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the enterprise' resources, i.e., assets.
负债 - 过去的事项形成的、其履行预期会导致经济实体经济利益流出的现时义务;
3. Equity: Equity is the residual interest in the assets of the enterprise after deducting all the liabilities. Equity is also known as owner's equity.
所有者权益 -是指企业资产数额扣除所有负债后的剩余部分。负债亦称为所有者权益。
Recognition of elements of financial statements 财务报表要素的确认
An item is recognized in the financial statements when:
某一特定项目在财务报表中得到确认须满足的条件如下:
it is probable future economic benefit will flow to or from an entity.
与之相关的未来经济利益很有可能流入或流出该项目对应的经济实体;其取得成本或价值能够可靠计量;
Measurement of the Elements of Financial Statements 财务报表要素的计量
Measurement is the process of determining the monetary amounts at which the elements of the financial statements are to be recognised and carried in the balance sheet and income statement. This involves the selection of the particular basis of measurement.
计量,是指(经济实体内)负责(会计工作)的会计人员确定财务报表项目在利润表和资产负债表中反映的货币价值(的过程)。计量需要选定计量的基础。
A number of different measurement bases are employed to different degrees and in varying combinations in financial statements. They include the following:
财务报表中,不同程度和组合有不同的计量基础。包括:
(a) Historical cost 历史成本
(b) Current cost现行成本;
(c) Realisable (settlement) value.可变现(重置)价值
Concepts of Capital and Capital Maintenance 概念:资本及资本保全
Concepts of Capital 概念:资本
A financial concept of capital is adopted by most entities in preparing their financial statements. Under a financial concept of capital, such as invested money or invested purchasing power, capital is synonymous with the net assets or equity of the entity. Under a physical concept of capital, such as operating capability, capital is regarded as the productive capacity of the entity based on, for example, units of output per day.
资本是大多数经济实体在财务报表中使用的财务概念。资本(例如投入的货币资金或购买能力)的财务概念,表示资本是经济实体的净资产。资本的物理概念(如经营能力)则表明资本是该实体的生产能力,例如,每天的产出。
Concepts of Capital Maintenance and the Determination of Profit 概念:资本保全及利润确定
中国会计准则与国际财务报告准则的比较
1.中国会计准则与国际财务报告准则的接轨。
(1)从形式上来说,中国新会计准则的格式、概念、术语都基本与国际财务报告准则一致。
(2)在结构和内容方面,中国新会计准则体系也基本实现了与国际财务报告准则的趋同。体系上实现了趋同,新会计准则具体包括三个层次:一是基本准则,它涵盖了国际财务报告准则中“财务报表编制和列报的框架结构”的基本内容,在整个准则体系中起统驭作用;二是具体准则,除少数几个准则外,中国38项具体会计准则也基本涵盖了已发布的国际财务报告准则所涉及的内容。
(3)会计基本原则、会计要素计量和会计政策选择等方面,新会计准则体系也都借鉴了国际财务报告准则。新基本准则中的会计基本原则,即真实性、有用性、重要性原则等与国际财务报告准则基本一致;会计要素计量属性方面引入了重置成本、可变现净值、现值、公允价值等;在会计政策选择中,也较多地借鉴了国际财务报告准则。如存货准则借鉴《国际财务报告准则第2号》取消了后进先出法,更能真实反映存货流转等。
2.中国会计准则与国际财务报告准则的差异。
新颁布的会计准则结合中国法律环境、市场经济环境以及会计实务的特点,经过与国际会计准则理事会的协商,在一些准则内容上保留了一些中国的特色。
(1)会计准则定位的差别。在中国,基本准则定位为部门规章,一项法律规范,除了充当国际财务报告准则中概念框架的作用,其作用更强。当出现新的业务,具体会计准则暂未涵盖时,应按基本准则所确立的原则进行会计处理,如果它仅仅作为制定会计准则的概念基础,不构成会计准则,那么在中国的法制环境下,难以实现其制定初衷,也难以得到社会公众、ZF监管部门等的认可。
(2)在计量属性上,会计准则只是有限制的引入了公允价值。新准则体系中主要在金融工具、投资性房地产、非共同控制下的企业合并、债务重组和非货币性资产交换等方面采用了公允价值。新准则体系对公允价值的运用较为谨慎。一方面,基于现行中国市场经济发展状况,公允价值可靠性的取得难以确保;另一方面,国际财务报告准则也并未完全否定历史成本计阶,因此,中国新准则在公允价值运用程度上慎重考虑也是必要的。
(3)具体准则内容上的差别。《企业会计准则第36号———关联方披露》与国际财务报告准则《关联方披露》主要差异在于国有企业的处理。国际财务报告准则原来对国有企业即ZF所有的企业作为关联方是豁免披露的,但是后来把豁免取消了。中国的新《企业会计准则第36号———关联方披露》第二章第6条规定,“仅仅同受国家控制而不存在其他关联方关系的企业,不构成关联方。”
在有关资产减值的规定方面,差异主要体现在资产减值能否转回的问题上。国际财务报告准则IAS36可以转回,中国新准则明确规定了“已经计提的减值准备不允许转回”。新会计准则《ZF补助》与《国际财务报告准则第20号———ZF补助的核算与ZF援助的披露》相比,差异有三:一是范围不同。中国对ZF补助范围的确定要比国际财务报告准则的范围小。二是分类不同。新会计准则与IAS20基本相同,但《国际财务报告准则第41号———农业》(IAS41)又对ZF补助作了补充分类。三是对ZF补助的会计处理方法不同。国际财务报告准则对ZF补助采用全面收益法,规定凡是ZF给的无论是现金补助还是非现金补助,都应算作损益。而中国规定。对研发拨款等文件明确会计处理方法的,应从其规定(如将专项拨款、捐助和援助,视同国家投资计人资本公积),没有特殊规定的才计入收益。