英文文献：European Consumer Preferences For U.S. And Domestic Beef: Willingness To Pay For Source Verification, Hormone-Free, And Genetically Modified Organism-Free Beef-欧洲消费者对美国和本国牛肉的偏好:愿意为来源验证、无激素、无转基因的牛肉支付费用
英文文献作者：Tonsor, Glynn T.,Schroeder, Ted C.
英文文献摘要：
The European Union (EU) ban on the production and importation of meat derived from animals treated with growth-promoting hormones has spurred considerable debate. However, relatively little research has considered how EU consumers have been affected or how they feel about the ban. The purpose of this research is to determine beef product preferences of EU consumers and to elicit how much, if anything, these consumers are willing to pay for their preferred attributes. More specifically, this study uses a non-hypothetical choice experiment to evaluate how EU consumers value beef steaks from animals produced using growth hormones, fed genetically modified feeds, and from U.S. origin relative to their typical, domestically produced steaks. Results reveal that consumers in London, England; Frankfurt, Germany; and Paris, France are on average willing to pay a premium ($8.75/lb, $3.25/lb, and $0.98/lb, respectively) for a "USDA Choice No Hormones or GMOs" steak as opposed to their "Domestic Typical" steak. Additionally, these consumers indicated a willingness to pay a premium for both U.S. produced hormone-free beef ($0.86/lb in London, $1.93/lb in Frankfurt, and $0.30/lb in Paris) and for U.S. produced beef free of genetically modified organisms ($8.88/lb in London, $2.55/ lb in Frankfurt, and $2.79/lb in Paris) relative to USDA Choice beef.

欧洲联盟禁止生产和进口用促生长激素处理过的动物肉制品，这引起了相当大的争论。然而，很少有研究考虑欧盟消费者受到了怎样的影响，或者他们对这项禁令有什么看法。本研究的目的是要确定欧盟消费者的牛肉产品偏好，并得出多少，如果有的话，这些消费者愿意为他们的偏好属性支付。更具体地说，本研究使用非假性选择实验来评估欧盟消费者对使用生长激素生产的、喂养转基因饲料的动物、以及美国原产的牛排与典型的国内生产的牛排的评价。结果显示，英国伦敦的消费者;德国法兰克福;而法国的巴黎则平均愿意为“美国农业部选择的无激素或转基因”牛排支付高价(分别为8.75美元/磅，3.25美元/磅，0.98美元/磅)，而不是他们的“国内典型”牛排。此外,这些消费者表示愿意支付溢价产生无激素对美国牛肉(0.86美元/磅在伦敦,1.93美元/磅在法兰克福,在巴黎和0.30美元/磅)和对美国牛肉的转基因生物(8.88美元/磅在伦敦,2.55美元/磅在法兰克福,在巴黎和2.79美元/磅)相对于美国农业部选择牛肉。