点击头像下方的“+加关注”可以第一时间了解我的资料更新，您的鼓励是我前进的动力！！！

Do Low Levels of Blood Lead Reduce Children's Future Test Scores?

Anna Aizer, Janet Currie, Peter Simon, Patrick Vivier

NBER Working Paper No. 22558

We construct a unique individual-level longitudinal dataset linking preschool blood lead levels with third grade test scores for eight birth cohorts of Rhode Island children born between 1997 and 2005. Using these data, we show that reductions of lead from even historically low levels have significant positive effects on children's reading test scores in third grade. Our preferred estimates use the introduction of a lead remediation program as an instrument in order to control for the possibility of confounding and for considerable error in measured lead exposures. The estimates suggest that a one unit decrease in average blood lead levels reduces the probability of being substantially below proficient in reading by 3.1 percentage points (on a baseline of 12 percent). Moreover, as we show, poor and minority children are more likely to be exposed to lead, suggesting that lead poisoning may be one of the causes of continuing gaps in test scores between disadvantaged and other children.

附：原文链接