It is an appropriate technique for endogenously taking into account
the possible unobserved heterogeneity that may exist in the data. For multilevel (or hierarchical)
data, individuals are nested within countries, and thus the standard mixture method may violate
this dependency assumption. Thanks to the in
uential research by numerous scholars (Vermunt
(2003), Asparouhov and Muthen (2008), Asparouhov and Muthen (2009)), a multilevel nite
mixture framework has been proposed with dierent extensions (parametric and nonparametric)
that can be applied to hierarchical data, accounting for the nested structure of the data.