The paper proposes a pendulum gravity model of outward FDI and export. Outward FDI and export can be
complementary or substitute, depending on the development stages of outward FDI. The development of
outward FDI is accompanied by advancements in productivity, technology and favorable transformations
in factor endowment differences, which can be reflected in the ratio of export to outward FDI. At early
stages of outward FDI undertakings, the ratio of export to outward FDI is greater or much greater than the
world’s average, outward FDI and export are conjectured to be complementary with our analytical
framework. As outward FDI matures, the pendulum swings to the other side, i.e., the ratio of export to
outward FDI becomes smaller than the world’s average. Outward FDI and export turn into substitute then.
Empirical results and
findings from examining two panel data sets support our conjecture and the
proposed model, which integrate the two seemingly opposing sets of literature.