英文文献：Transaction Costs And Organic Marketing: Evidence From U.S. Organic Produce Farmers-交易成本与有机营销:来自美国有机农产品农民的证据
英文文献作者：MacInnis, Bo
英文文献摘要：
We develop a conceptual framework that integrates quality of output and transaction costs in the choice of marketing channels. We estimate a reduced-form Tobit model and a semi-reduced logit model using a farm-level cross-sectional dataset to measure the effects of transaction costs in farming ability to make sales to indirect markets (retailers and wholesalers). We find strong empirical evidence that existing organic retail and wholesale markets impose considerable barriers to entry on individual organic farmers. The effects of transaction costs are asymmetric between farmers, those who transitioned from conventional farming and those who did not. Those who did are overall favored, and those who did not are constrained by more types of transaction costs and are constrained more severely than those who did. We argue that an effective policy should target the least favored farmers by encouraging or mandating distributors and retailers have a more transparent and objective process in selecting organic suppliers, such that all farmers would have an equal opportunity to be successful in selling to indirect markets.

我们开发了一个概念框架，整合了产品质量和交易成本在营销渠道的选择。我们估计了一个简化的Tobit模型和一个半简化的logit模型，使用一个农场层次的横断数据集来衡量交易成本对农业向间接市场(零售商和批发商)销售的影响。我们发现强有力的经验证据表明，现有的有机零售和批发市场对个体有机农民设置了相当大的进入壁垒。交易成本对农民、从传统农业转型过来的农民和没有从传统农业转型过来的农民的影响是不对称的。那些做了的人总体上更受青睐，而那些没有做的人受到更多交易成本的约束比做了的人受到的约束更严重。我们认为，一个有效的政策应该针对最不受欢迎的农民，鼓励或要求分销商和零售商在选择有机供应商时有一个更加透明和客观的过程，这样所有的农民在间接市场销售时都有平等的成功机会。