英文文献：Milk Marketing Orders And Milk Sanitation Regulation: Re-Evaulating Marketing Orders' Welfare Effects-《牛奶销货令》与《牛奶卫生条例》:评价销货令的福利效应
英文文献作者：Balagtas, Joseph Valdes,Sumner, Daniel A.
英文文献摘要：
This research shows that the existing literature on milk marketing orders misses an important effect. Previous work ignores the interaction of marketing orders with milk grading regulation. We model this interaction and show that producer benefits from marketing orders have been smaller than previous work suggests, and, under some conditions, may even be negative. Additional costs of producing fluid grade milk, omitted from previous welfare analyses, reduce producer benefits from marketing orders. Estimates of the additional cost indicate that this previously unmeasured effect is a significant component of the total welfare effect of marketing orders. An econometric model is developed to explain the variation in the fluid grade share of milk across states and time as a function of marketing order policy. Regression results support the hypothesis that marketing orders have encouraged the shift towards production of fluid-grade milk.

本研究表明，现有的关于牛奶销售订单的文献忽略了一个重要的影响。以往的研究忽略了销售订单与牛奶分级监管之间的相互作用。我们对这种相互作用进行了建模，并表明，生产者从销售订单中获得的收益比之前的研究表明的要小，在某些情况下，甚至可能是负的。以前的福利分析中忽略了生产液体级牛奶的额外成本，这降低了生产商从销售订单中获得的利益。对额外成本的估计表明，这种以前未衡量的影响是销售订单总福利效应的一个重要组成部分。建立了一个计量经济学模型来解释市场秩序政策在各州和时间范围内牛奶的流体等级份额的变化。回归结果支持了市场订单鼓励了向液体级牛奶生产的转变的假设。