英文文献：Compliance with International Food Safety Standards in Kenya's Green Bean Industry: A Paired Case Study of Small and Large Family Farms-肯尼亚绿豆行业遵守国际食品安全标准:对小型和大型家庭农场的配对案例研究
英文文献作者：Okello, Julius Juma,Swinton, Scott M.
英文文献摘要：
This study uses two farm case studies to explore how Kenyan green bean farmers are meeting European food safety standards. For green bean farmers, the standards increase the fixed costs and the transactions costs of producing beans; the standards also alter how bean quality is assessed. Both the small and the large farm use contracts to protect their specific investments in complying with the standards. However, while the large farm invests in improved facilities using its own equity, the small farm uses a marketing group to spread investment costs and reduce the transaction cost to buyers of monitoring the performance of small units. Green bean buyers face the asymmetric information problem of creating incentives for farmers to comply voluntarily with hard-to-observe production practice requirements. The buyers have responded by using closely monitored contracts, the threat of contract termination, and variable product pricing to induce compliance with the standards. The combined result of producer and buyer behavior has been to increase the scale of green bean production in Kenya. Small farms that band together in cooperative groups have succeeded in collectively attaining the scale economies needed to remain viable.

本研究使用两个农场案例研究来探索肯尼亚绿豆农民如何达到欧洲食品安全标准。对绿豆农户来说，标准增加了生产绿豆的固定成本和交易成本;该标准还改变了大豆质量的评估方式。小型和大型农场都使用合同来保护他们遵守标准的具体投资。然而，当大农场利用自己的权益投资于改进设施时，小农场利用营销集团来分摊投资成本，并降低买家监督小农场绩效的交易成本。绿豆买家面临着信息不对称的问题，即如何激励农民自愿遵守难以遵守的生产实践要求。买方的反应是使用密切监控的合同、合同终止的威胁和可变的产品定价来诱导遵守标准。生产者和购买者行为的共同结果是增加了肯尼亚绿豆生产的规模。结成合作团体的小农场已经成功地集体实现了维持生存所需的规模经济。