This handbook is a valuable resource to anyone involved with improvement of people's lives by replacing, restoring, supplementing and improving motor action, and understanding the neural bases of such functions. While there are several other resources available, there is no handbook such as this one. This handbook addresses the recent and rapid changes in the field of braincomputer interfaces (BCIs). Due to these changes interest in BCI has grown enormously, including interest from computer science researchers with a background in computational intelligence, human-computer interaction, and researchers in entertainment technology.