英文文献：Demand-Side Factors in Optimal Land Conservation Choice-土地保护最佳选择的需求侧因素
英文文献作者：Ando, Amy Whritenour,Shah, Payal
英文文献摘要：
The dominant paradigm of conservation-reserve planning in economics is to optimize the provision of physical conservation benefits (measured in units like species protected) given a budget constraint. Large-scale biology-based priority setting implies that the value we place on biodiversity and ecosystem function is not affected by human proximity to that natural capital. There is significant evidence, however, that human willingness to pay (WTP) for conservation declines with distance (e.g. Loomis 2000) – a phenomenon we refer to as “spatial value decay”. This paper begins a new strand of the conservation planning literature that takes demand-side factors – the location of people in the landscape and the degree to which their willingness to pay for an environmental amenity depends on proximity to that amenity – into account. We use theoretical models of linear abstract landscapes to explore the impact of demand-side factors on two facets of optimal conservation choices: siting of a single reserve when conservation value is greatest near a critical site in the landscape (optimal targeting), and siting of multiple reserves when fragmentation reduces physical conservation services produced (optimal agglomeration). Our results show how optimal conservation planning might differ from straight ecological prescriptions. While minimum fragmentation is often optimal, planners can usefully employ increased fragmentation to capture value when people’s preferences are not very highly localized. In a targeting problem, the ecologically critical site is often the right thing to protect, but optimal policy balances proximity to critical site with proximity to people. In some scenarios, the payoff to using a reserve design approach that considers demand-side factors is large. Finally, we find that spatial value decay reduces the maximum levels of welfare and environmental services that can be gained from any conservation-planning approach. When spatial value decay is present because people are simply unaware of environmental resources farther away from where they live, education campaigns might serve to increase social welfare and environmental services.

在经济学中，自然保护规划的主导范式是在预算约束下优化自然保护效益的提供(以受保护的物种为单位来衡量)。大规模的基于生物的优先级设置意味着，我们对生物多样性和生态系统功能的重视不受人类接近自然资本的影响。然而，有重要的证据表明，人类为保护付出的意愿(WTP)随着距离的增加而下降(例如Loomis 2000)——这种现象我们称之为“空间价值衰减”。这篇论文开始了一种新的保护规划文献，它考虑了需求方面的因素——人们在景观中的位置，以及他们愿意为环境宜人买单的程度取决于与该宜人的邻近程度。我们使用线性抽象的理论模型景观探索最优的需求方面的因素的影响在两个方面保护选择:选址单一储备的保护值是最大的附近一个重要景观(最优目标),和多个储备选址当碎片减少物理保护服务(最优聚集)。我们的结果显示，最佳的保护计划可能不同于直接的生态处方。虽然最小碎片通常是最优的，规划者可以有效地利用增加碎片来捕获价值时，人们的偏好不是非常高的本地化。在目标问题中，生态上的关键地点往往是需要保护的，但最优的政策是在关键地点与人的距离之间取得平衡。在某些情况下，使用考虑需求方面因素的储备设计方法的收益很大。最后，我们发现空间价值衰减降低了任何保护规划方法所能获得的最大福利和环境服务水平。当空间价值因为人们没有意识到离他们居住的地方更远的环境资源而出现衰减时，教育运动可能有助于增加社会福利和环境服务。