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Corporate Finance : four types of firms :
        Sole proprietorship is a business owned and run by one person.
        Sole proprietorships share the following four key characteristics:
1.        Sole proprietorships are straightforward to set up;
2.        The principle limitation of a sole proprietorship is that there is separation between the firm and the owner;
3.        The owner has unlimited personal liability for any of the firm’s debt, that is if the firm defaults on any debt payment, the lender can require the owner to repay the loan from personal assets. An owner who cannot afford to repay the loan must declare personal bankruptcy.
4.        The life of a sole proprietorship is limited to the life of the owner. And it is difficult to transfer ownership of a sole proprietorship.
        Partnerships: a partnership is identical to a sole proprietorship except it has more than one owner.  The following characteristics are key features of a partnership:
        All partners are liable for the firm’s debt.  That is , a lender can require any partner to repay all the firm’s outstanding debts;
        The partnership ends on the death or withdrawal of any single partner, although partners can avoid liquidation if the partnership agreement provides for alternatives such as a buyout of a deceased or withdrawn partner.
A limited partnership is a partnership with two kinds of owners, general partners and limited partners. General partners have the same rights and privileges as partners in a general partnership they are personally liable for the firm’s debt obligations. Limited partners however have limited liability that is their liability is limited to their investment. A limited partner has no management authority and can not legally be involved in the managerial decision making for the business.
        Limited liability companies: a limited liability company (LLC) is a limited partnership without a general partner. That is all the owners have limited liability but unlike limited partners, they can also run the business. LLCs rose to prominence first in Germany over 100 years ago as a Gesellschaft mit beschrankter hafting GmbH and then in France as a Societe a responsabilite limitee and by SRL in Italy and SL in Spain.
        Corporations: the distinguishing feature of a corporation is that it is a legally defined, artificial being (a judicial person or legal entity) separate from its owners. Because a corporation is a legal entity separate and distinct from its owners, it is solely responsible for its own obligations. Consequently, the owners of a corporation or its employees, customers etc are not liable for any obligations the corporation enters into. Similarly, the corporation is not liable for any personal obligations of its owners.
        Formation of a corporation. Corporations must be legally formed which means that the state in which it is incorporated must formally give its consent to the incorporation by chartering it. Setting up a corporation is therefore considerably more costly than setting up a sole proprietorship. The corporate charter specifies the initial rules that govern how the corporation is run.
        Ownership of corporation. There is no limit on the number of owners, which a corporation can have. The entire ownership stake of a corporation is divided into shares known as stock.

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《思想的力量：哲学导论》
151. 笛卡尔认为：一个实体“除了自己，不需要他物存在”，进而推导出心灵和物质彼此是完全独立的。但他仍然认为，在有生命的人中身心是互动的，身体的行为有时受心灵的影响，心灵也受物理感觉的影响。

152. 常识的形而上学很大程度上就是笛卡尔二元形而上学（当然存在一些让人头疼的问题，困扰着笛卡尔）
1）物质的事物，包括一个人的身体完全受物理规律的支配
2）非物质的心灵能够移动人的身体。
困难在于若非物质的心灵能够做到这点，那么人的身体明显并不完全受物理规律支配。
既认同1）又认同2）似乎是矛盾的。

153. 平行论（parallelism）：笛卡尔的信徒们提出一套身心互动的解决方案（前提是身体受物理规律支配）
偶因论（occasionalism）是平行论的变形。

154. 笛卡尔研究形而上学的总体方式值得注意：他不问“什么是基本的东西？”或者“实在是由什么组成的？”，他采用了间接的方式。他实际上问的是“我知道基本东西是什么吗？”和“我能确定什么是实在的本质吗？”
这种研究方法称为：形而上学的迂回（epistemological detour）
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Blockchain:
81. 在EVM上，任何人都可以为所有权、交易格式和状态转换函数创建商业逻辑。

80. 以太坊虚拟机：当你想到这些自足的逻辑脚本——运行在区块链上，在其上存储数据，向发起人返回一些值时，就像运行在云中的程序。即：这些智能合约就是运行在以太坊虚拟机（EVM）上的代码。类似于一个去中心化的虚拟计算服务，但是它不存在网站服务器这样的负担，它被设计成点对点网络，所有参与者都可以运行，可以安全地（通过加密和数字签名）向区块链写入数据和代码，读取上面的数据和代码。
EVM是以太坊项目的另一个主要创新。如果你不理解EVM，那你就不理解以太坊。

79. 以太坊包括一个专用的客户端浏览器（Mist），使用户可以运行各种各样的DApp和发布智能合约。
Mist具有特殊的安全层、密钥管理、去中心化账户管理（即用户账户由用户拥有并控制，而不是第三方机构），以及与区块链相关的组件，这一切使Mist成为普通用户运行或者管理区块链去中心化应用不可或缺的工具。普通用户不需要理解技术方面的东西。

78. DApp可以与其他Web应用或者去中心化技术相交互或者连接。
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C plus plus:
     学习写一些小程序（不在阅读时间内）

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