英文文献：Differentiation in Farm Labor Complement Profiles of Organic and Conventional Farms in the Southeast: Coping with a Changing Farm Labor Market-农业劳动力的分化补充了东南地区有机农场和传统农场的概况:应对变化的农业劳动力市场
英文文献作者：Escalante, Cesar L.,Santos, Florence Ivy M.
英文文献摘要：
The farm labor market is expected to experience supply deficiencies as a result of the displacement of foreign unskilled workers due to the impending implementation of stricter immigration policies in the United States. This study scrutinizes the farm labor hiring predicament of farm operators using data from the household survey we administered on organic and conventional farms in the Southeast U.S. Specifically, we used the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) approach to model and examine the level of difficulty experienced by farmers in hiring non-family farm workers and its influence on farm labor management decisions. We also explore the probable motivation of the extent of family members’ involvement in farm work and analyze the influence of the more labor intensive organic component of farm activities on farm labor management decisions. Our results suggest that family member’s involvement in farm work is likely greater when the farm is mostly organic, engaged in grains and hay operations, relatively smaller, and when farm operation requires high harvesting hours relative to total farm labor hours. Our study has produced evidence on organic farms’ relatively higher demand for labor, regardless of source, and, in absolute terms, greater reliance on seasonal non-farm workers. Our findings also suggest that when non-farm workers are difficult to find, farm businesses tend to optimize family members’ involvement in the farm business and/or maintain relatively higher proportions of full-time employees. Moreover, our results contend that higher wages could not possibly effectively attract non-family workers to seek seasonal farm employment.

由于美国即将实施更严格的移民政策，外国非熟练工人将被取代，预计农业劳动力市场将出现供应不足。这项研究审查农场的农业劳动力招聘困境运营商使用家庭调查数据我们在有机和常规管理农场在美国东南部具体来说,我们使用了看似无关回归模型(SUR)方法和检查的难度等级招聘非家族成员农场工人和农民对农业劳动力管理决策的影响。我们还探讨了家庭成员参与农场工作的可能动机，并分析了农场活动中劳动密集型有机成分对农场劳动管理决策的影响。我们的结果表明，当农场主要是有机农场，从事谷物和干草操作，相对较小，以及农场操作相对于农场总劳动时间需要较高收割时间时，家庭成员参与农场工作的可能性更大。我们的研究证明，无论来源如何，有机农场对劳动力的需求相对较高，从绝对意义上讲，它们更依赖于季节性非农业工人。我们的研究结果还表明，当非农业工人难以找到时，农场企业倾向于优化家庭成员参与农场业务和/或保持相对较高的全职员工比例。此外，我们的结果表明，更高的工资不可能有效地吸引非家庭工人寻找季节性农场工作。