英文文献：Effects of Clean Water Act Regulations on Firm-Level Decisions in Agriculture-《清洁水法》规章对农业领域公司层面决策的影响
英文文献作者：Sneeringer, Stacy E.,Key, Nigel D.
英文文献摘要：
U.S. environmental regulations often vary by the size of the operation, with larger operations facing more regulatory stringency. When the size distribution of firms is heavily skewed, regulation size thresholds can reduce transaction costs for regulatory agencies while bringing most production within a regulatory framework. However, size-based regulation may have unintended consequences if operations downsize, slow their growth, or enter at a smaller size in order to avoid regulation. These unintended consequences from regulation may include less pollution abatement and diminished economic efficiency. In this study we examine recently revised Clean Water Act (CWA) regulations targeting large-scale livestock operations to identify and quantify farm responses to this regulation. We find statistical evidence that farms adjust size in order to avoid regulation. Additionally farms in states with relatively higher costs of regulatory compliance experience on average 23% less growth than comparable farms in other states, net of prior state-level trends in growth. In these states, regulated farms also experience a 5.8% greater chance of exit.

美国的环境法规往往因经营规模的不同而有所不同，规模较大的经营面临更严格的监管。当企业的规模分布严重扭曲时，监管规模阈值可以降低监管机构的交易成本，同时将大部分生产纳入监管框架内。然而，基于规模的监管可能会产生意想不到的后果，如果经营规模缩小，增长放缓，或以较小的规模进入以避免监管。管制带来的这些意想不到的后果可能包括减少污染和降低经济效率。在本研究中，我们研究了最近修订的针对大规模牲畜经营的《清洁水法》(CWA)法规，以确定和量化农场对该法规的反应。我们发现，统计证据表明，农场调整规模，以避免监管。此外，除去之前州一级的增长趋势，那些在法规遵从经验方面成本相对较高的州的农场平均比其他州的同类农场增长少23%。在这些州，受监管的农场退出的几率也要高出5.8%。