英文文献：Determinants of Farm Household Income Diversification in the United States: Evidence from Farm-Level Data-美国农户收入多样化的决定因素:来自农场层面数据的证据
英文文献作者：Mishra, Ashok K.,Erickson, Kenneth W.,Harris, James Michael,Hallahan, Charles B.,Uematsu, Hiroki
英文文献摘要：
This study examines the determinants of income diversification of farm households in the United States. Farm households allocate their time between farm and off-farm activities to help stabilized household income (consumption). What characterizes those households who engage in off-farm activities? Is there any pattern over time? Using 1999, 2003 and 2007 farm-level data from the USDA’s Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS), this study estimates intensity of off-farm income (or income diversification). The results show that older operators, full owners, and small farms have higher intensity of off-farm income in total household income. In contrast, dairy farms, vertically coordinated farms and farms located in the Southern and Pacific regions have lower intensity of off-farm income. In other words, household incomes of these farms are less likely to be diversified.

本研究考察了美国农户收入多样化的决定因素。农户在农场和非农活动之间分配时间，以帮助稳定家庭收入(消费)。从事非农活动的家庭有什么特征?随着时间的推移有什么规律吗?利用美国农业部农业资源管理调查(ARMS)提供的1999年、2003年和2007年农场层面的数据，本研究估计了非农收入的强度(或收入多样化)。结果表明，年龄较大的经营者、完全所有者和小型农场在家庭总收入中具有较高的非农收入强度。相比之下，奶牛场、垂直协调农场以及位于南部和太平洋地区的农场非农收入密度较低。换句话说，这些农场的家庭收入不太可能多样化。