Rex B.Kline
Principles and practice of Structural Equation Modeling
second edition

Contents
1• Introduction 3
1.1 Plan of the Book / 3
1.2 Notation / 6
1.3 Computer Programs for SEM / 6
1.4 Statistical Journeys / 8
1.5 Family Values / 9
1.6 Extended Latent Variable Families / 16
1.7 Family History / 17
1.8 Internet Resources / 18
1.9 Summary / 19
2• Basic Statistical Concepts:
2.1 Standardized and Unstandardized Variables / 20
2.2 Bivariate Correlation and Regression / 22
2.3 Partial Correlation / 29
2.4 Multiple Correlation and Regression / 30
2.5 Statistical Tests / 40
2.6 Bootstrapping / 42
2.7 Summary / 43
2.8 Recommended Readings / 44
3• Basic Statistical Concepts:
3.1 Data Preparation / 45
3.2 Data Screening / 48
3.3 Score Reliability and Validity / 58
3.4 Summary / 61
3.5 Recommended Readings / 62
4• Core SEM Techniques and Software 63
4.1 Steps of SEM / 63
4.2 Path Analysis: A Structural Model of Illness Factors / 66
4.3 Confirmatory Factor Analysis: A Measurement Model of Arousal / 70
4.4 A Structural Regression Model of Family Risk and Child Adjustment / 74
4.5 Extensions / 77
4.6 SEM Computer Programs / 77
4.7 Summary / 89
4.8 Recommended Readings / 90
5• Introduction to Path Analysis 93
5.1 Correlation and Causation / 93
5.2 Specification of Path Models / 95
5.3 Types of Path Models / 102
5.4 Principles of Identification / 105
5.5 Sample Size / 110
5.6 Overview of Estimation Options / 111
5.7 Maximum Likelihood Estimation / 112
5.8 Other Issues / 117
5.9 Summary / 120
5.10 Recommended Readings / 120

6• Details of Path Analysis 123
6.1 Detailed Analysis of a Recursive Model of Illness Factors / 123
6.2 Assessing Model Fit / 133
6.3 Testing Hierarchical Models / 145
6.4 Comparing Nonhierarchical Models / 151
6.5 Equivalent Models / 153
6.6 Power Analysis / 156
6.7 Other Estimation Options / 158
6.8 Summary / 160
6.9 Recommended Readings / 161

7• Measurement Models and Confirmatory Factor Analysis
7.1 Specification of CFA Models / 165
7.2 Identification of CFA Models / 169
7.3 Naming and Reification Fallacies / 175
7.4 Estimation of CFA Models / 176
7.5 Testing CFA Models / 180
7.6 Equivalent CFA Models / 192
7.7 Analyzing Indicators with Nonnormal Distributions / 194
7.8 Special Types of CFA Models / 198
7.9 Other Issues / 204
7.10 Summary / 206
7.11 Recommended Readings / 206

8• Models with Structural and Measurement Components
8.1 Characteristics of SR Models / 209
8.2 Analysis of Hybrid Models / 211
8.3 Estimation of SR Models / 219
8.4 A Detailed Example / 221
8.5 Other Issues / 229
8.6 Summary / 232
8.7 Recommended Readings / 233

9• Nonrecursive Structural Models 237
9.1 Specification of Nonrecursive Models / 237
9.2 Identification of Nonrecursive Models / 240
9.3 Estimation of Nonrecursive Models / 249
9.4 Examples / 254
9.5 Summary / 260
9.6 Recommended Readings / 261