英文文献：Food Expenditures away from Home by Elderly Households-老年人在家以外的食物支出
英文文献作者：Yen, Steven T.,Kasteridis, Panagiotis P.,Riley, John B.
英文文献摘要：
This study investigates the differentiated effects of economic and socio-demographic variables on food away from home (FAFH) expenditures by type of facility among elderly households in the United States. Using data from the 2008–2010 Consumer Expenditure Surveys, the systems of expenditures on full-service, fast food, and other restaurants are estimated with a multivariate sample selection estimator which also accommodates heteroscedasticity in the error distribution. Statistical significance of error correlations among equations justifies estimation of the sample selection systems. Income, employment statuses, race, education, geographic region, and household composition are important determinants of FAFH expenditures. Income contributes to full-service and fast-food expenditures by the elderly implying that the future of FAFH industry is tied to macroeconomic conditions. Better education is associated with greater probabilities and larger levels of expenditures at all facilities. Effects of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) are found to be strong and negative, invalidating policy concerns for the general population that participation in the program might enhance consumption of less healthy FAFH.

本研究调查了美国老年家庭中经济和社会人口变量对按设施类型划分的外出食物(FAFH)支出的差异效应。利用2008-2010年消费者支出调查的数据，用多元样本选择估计器估计了全服务、快餐和其他餐馆的支出系统，该估计器在误差分布中也存在异方差。方程间误差相关性的统计显著性证明了样本选择系统的估计。收入、就业状况、种族、教育、地理区域和家庭组成是联邦家庭福利支出的重要决定因素。老年人的收入贡献了全面服务和快餐消费，这意味着FAFH行业的未来与宏观经济状况息息相关。更好的教育与更大的可能性和更大的支出水平在所有设施。研究发现，补充营养援助计划(SNAP)的效果是强烈而消极的，这打消了一般人群的政策担忧，即参与该计划可能会增加不太健康的FAFH的摄入。